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Montserrat Iborra,Javier Tejero,Carles Fite,Eliana Ramirez,Fidel Cunill 한국공업화학회 2019 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.78 No.-
The liquid-phase synthesis of butyl levulinate by esterification of levulinic with an excess of 1-butanol(initial molar ratio 1:3) and simultaneous water removal has been studied at atmospheric pressure and atthe boiling point of the reacting medium. The catalytic performance of ten commercial sulfonic resins hasbeen compared: four gel-type and six macroreticular. For both type of resins the levulinic acid conversionwas complete after 4–6 h and no byproducts derived from the acid were detected. Selectivity of 1-butanoltowards the ester was about 95%, di-butyl ether and butenes being the detected 1-butanol-derivedbyproducts. Among the tested catalysts, gel-type resins with low crosslinking degree showed the highestactivity, what could be attributed to a higher accessibility to active centers in polar medium. In additionalexperiments where initial reactants content was at stoichiometric relation, the levulinic acid conversionwas lower (82–85%), while selectivity of 1-butanol towards the ester was slightly higher, because of thelower 1-butanol concentration.