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Jack Jr., Clifford R.,Garwood, Michael,Wengenack, Thomas M.,Borowski, Bret,Curran, Geoffrey L.,Lin, Joseph,Adriany, Gregor,Grö,hn, Olli H. J.,Grimm, Roger,Poduslo, Joseph F. Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2004 Magnetic resonance in medicine Vol.52 No.6
<P>One of the cardinal pathologic features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the formation of senile, or amyloid, plaques. Transgenic mice have been developed that express one or more of the genes responsible for familial AD in humans. Doubly transgenic mice develop “human-like” plaques, providing a mechanism to study amyloid plaque biology in a controlled manner. Imaging of labeled plaques has been accomplished with other modalities, but only MRI has sufficient spatial and contrast resolution to visualize individual plaques noninvasively. Methods to optimize visualization of plaques in vivo in transgenic mice at 9.4 T using a spin echo sequence based on adiabatic pulses are described. Preliminary results indicate that a spin echo acquisition more accurately reflects plaque size, while a T<SUB>2</SUB>* weighted gradient echo sequence reflects plaque iron content, not plaque size. In vivo MRI–ex vivo MRI–in vitro histologic correlations are provided. Histologically verified plaques as small as 50 μm in diameter were visualized in living animals. To our knowledge this work represents the first demonstration of noninvasive in vivo visualization of individual AD plaques without the use of a contrast agent. Magn Reson Med 52:1263–1271, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</P>
Tang, Jianping,Li, Qian,Wang, Shuyu,Lee, Dong‐,Kyou,Hui, Pinhong,Niu, Xiaorui,Gutowski Jr., William J.,Dairaku, Koji,McGregor, John,Katzfey, Jack,Gao, Xuejie,Wu, Jia,Hong, Song‐,You,Wang, Wiley 2016 International journal of climatology Vol.36 No.13
<P><B>ABSTRACT</B></P><P>Under the Asia‐Pacific Network for Global Change (APN) project ‘Building Asian Climate Change Scenarios by Multi‐Regional Climate Models Ensemble’ (RMIP III, Regional Model Intercomparision Project), the simulation results of eight regional climate models (RCMs) and two fine‐resolution global climate models are validated for reproducibility of the current surface air temperature climatology (1981–2000), and are used to generate surface air future temperature projections (2041–2060) over the CORDEX‐EA (A Coordinated Regional climate Downscaling Experiment‐East Asia) domain. Four ensemble methods, namely, the equal weighting, the weighted mean, the reliability ensemble averaging, and the performance‐based ensemble averaging, are employed to generate the multi‐model projection of regional climate change over the region. The results show that the regional temperature ensembles of the present climate obtained from all four methods can outperform a single RCM result in aspects of the spatial distribution as well as the seasonal variation over East Asia. The four ensemble methods are then used to project the regional temperature climatology under the IPCC emission scenario of A1B for 2041–2060. Compared with the control climate of 1981–2000, the annual mean temperature of the future climate (2041–2060) increases 1–2 °C in low latitude areas and 2–3 °C in middle–high latitude areas over Asia.</P>
Li, Qian,Wang, Shuyu,Lee, Dong‐,Kyou,Tang, Jianping,Niu, Xiaorui,Hui, Pinhong,Gutowski Jr., William J.,Dairaku, Koji,McGregor, John L.,Katzfey, Jack,Gao, Xuejie,Wu, Jia,Hong, Song‐,You,Wan Wiley 2016 International journal of climatology Vol.36 No.13
<P><B>ABSTRACT</B></P><P>Under the framework of an project ‘Building Asian Climate Change Scenarios by Multi‐Regional Climate Models Ensemble’, the ability of eight regional climate models and two fine‐resolution global climate models to reproduce late 20th century (1981–2000) precipitation climatology is assessed. Future precipitation change (2041–2060) under the A1B scenario is also quantified by applying four different ensemble methods: equal weighting, weighted mean (WM), reliability ensemble averaging (REA) and performance‐based ensemble averaging, after applying fourfold cross‐validation using observation and multi‐model‐simulated precipitation. The results indicate that the ensemble of simulated precipitation outperforms any single RCM in many aspects. Among the four ensemble approaches, the WM and REA methods show better skill in improving the simulation results, and are used for ensemble prediction of regional climate in Asia. Under the A1B scenario, the WM method estimates future precipitation change of approximately 0.2 mm day<SUP>−1</SUP> with less precipitation in northern and western China and northern India, and more precipitation in most other areas in Asia. The future annual precipitation will decrease by 0.1‐0.5 mm day<SUP>−1</SUP> in northern India, Pakistan and the central area of southern China. No significant change is found over eastern Kazakhstan, Mongolia, north‐central and western China.</P>