일본과 독일의 범죄와 범죄통제

H,J,Schneider,Munster,심희기 한국형사정책학회 1988 刑事政策 Vol.3 No.-

일본과 독일의 범죄와 범죄통제

Schneider, H.J.,沈義基 한국형사정책학회 1988 刑事政策 Vol.3 No.-

The Postmenopause: Overall Rationale for Hormonal Replacement Therapy

( H. P. G. Schneider ) 대한산부인과학회 1990 대한산부인과학회 학술대회 Vol.65 No.-

The Postmenopause - Overall Rationale for Hormonal Replacement Therapy

(H . P . G . Schneider) 대한산부인과학회 1990 춘계학술대회 Vol.- No.-

THE POSTMENOPAUSE : OVERALL RATIONALE FOR HORMONAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY

Schneider, H.P.G 中央醫學社 1991 中央醫學 Vol.56 No.1

With respect to general menopausel symptoms, the clearly demonstrated benefits of estrogen therapy are related to hot flushes, insomnia, vaginal dryness, irritability, poor memory, anxiety, "worry about age", headache, urinary frequency and good spirits. Many of these beneficial effects are maintained and enhanced by prolonged therapy including those directly related to hot flushes such as dizziness, nausea, palpitations, diaphoresis and "night sweats". Many of these symptoms disappear in a reasonable period of time without any kind of therapy. Therapeutic indifference must not be afforded with regard to postmenopausal osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, endometrial and breast cancer; these potentially life threatening diseases are of central concern for physicians. Responsibility for women without endogenous ovarian function, be they postmenopausal or without cyclic ovarian function at younger age such as secondary amenorrhea, anorexia nervosa or gonadal dysgenesis, has emerged as a key issue of preventive medicine. Once a woman has established osteoporosis with nonreversible changes in body stature, chronic pain and substantial fracture risk, no treatment is currently available to restore normal bone architecture. The only effective therapy for the prevention of osteoporosis is early estrogen replacement; fracture risk is clearly reduced. The most effective doses of oral estrogens are 0.625 mg conjugated estrogens or 2 mg estradiol per day, preventing 95 % of trabecular and 50 % of cortical bone loss in almost all women. The incidence of coronary disease and mortality is substantially reduced by about 60 % in all postmenopausal women, this effect being more pronounced in bilaterally ovariectomized women. A reduction of 50 % for cardiovascular mortality may be achieved by a daily dose of 0.625 mg conjugated estrogens. Even in smoking postmenopausal women in whom increased cardiovascular mortality is well known, conjugated estrogens have been reported to yield a reduction of 80 % in comparison to nonsmoking untreated postmenopausal women. A slight increases in HDL2 is promoted by oral doses between 1 and 4 mg micronized estradiol or estradiol valerate per day and 0.625 or 1.25 mg conjugated estrogens. Oral or vaginal estradiol, percutaneous administration of estradiol or vaginal application of conjugated estrogens do not exert considerable changes in lipid metabolism. Norethisterone and norgestre reduce concentrations of HDL and apolipoprotein A-1. Total cholesterol often remains unchanged because LDL is increased. Oral or parenteral medroxyprogesterone acetate has no negative effects on lipid metabolism. The influence on lipid is dependent on type and doses of the selected estrogen. Unopposed estrogen therapy is known to promote endometrial cancer in a small percentage of postmenopausal women. The addition of a progestogen is the only realistic means to control endometrial morbidity. The incidence of breast cancinoma in the estrogenprogestogen replaced postmenopausal women in long-term perspective studies was found to be significantly lower than in nonusers estrogenic monotherapy apparently does not alter the risk. Progesterone, rather than estrogen, seems to be the crucial sex steroid in the development of breast cancer. Biochemical data concerning cell mitosis rates during the normal menstrual cycle strongly suggest that endogenous progesterone during the secretary phase does not depress breast deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, therefore the administration of progesterone in addition to estrogen for replacement therapy in hysterectomies women in order to reduce breast cancer risk cannot yet be regarded as mandatory. The nowadays available estrogen-progestogen replacement therapies bring about a substantial restoration of quality of life. Estrogens do not substitute for eternal female youth, but they abolish or alleviate most of the psychic or somatic climacteric complaints. Therefore life expectancy apparently increases. Estrogen replacement therapy offers the opportunity to smooth a woman's transitional years from potential fertility to old age.

Silk fibroin, gelatin, and human placenta extracellular matrix-based composite hydrogels for 3D bioprinting and soft tissue engineering

Karl Heinrich Schneider,Benjamin J. Goldberg,Onur Hasturk,Xuan Mu,Marvin Dötzlhofer,Gabriela Eder,Sophia Theodossiou,Luis Pichelkastner,Peter Riess,Sabrina Rohringer,Herbert Kiss,Andreas H. Teuschl‑Wo 한국생체재료학회 2023 생체재료학회지 Vol.27 No.00

Background There is a great clinical need and it remains a challenge to develop artificial soft tissue constructs that can mimic the biomechanical properties and bioactivity of natural tissue. This is partly due to the lack of suitable biomaterials. Hydrogels made from human placenta offer high bioactivity and represent a potential solution to create animal-free 3D bioprinting systems that are both sustainable and acceptable, as placenta is widely considered medical waste. A combination with silk and gelatin polymers can bridge the biomechanical limitations of human placenta chorion extracellular matrix hydrogels (hpcECM) while maintaining their excellent bioactivity. Method In this study, silk fibroin (SF) and tyramine-substituted gelatin (G-TA) were enzymatically crosslinked with human placental extracellular matrix (hpcECM) to produce silk-gelatin-ECM composite hydrogels (SGE) with tunable mechanical properties, preserved elasticity, and bioactive functions. The SGE composite hydrogels were characterized in terms of gelation kinetics, protein folding, and bioactivity. The cyto- and biocompatibility of the SGE composite was determined by in vitro cell culture and subcutaneous implantation in a rat model, respectively. The most cell-supportive SGE formulation was then used for 3-dimensional (3D) bioprinting that induced chemical crosslinking during extrusion. Conclusion Addition of G-TA improved the mechanical properties of the SGE composite hydrogels and inhibited crystallization and subsequent stiffening of SF for up to one month. SGE hydrogels exhibit improved and tunable biomechanical properties and high bioactivity for encapsulated cells. In addition, its use as a bioink for 3D bioprinting with free reversible embedding of suspended hydrogels (FRESH) has been validated, opening the possibility to fabricate highly complex scaffolds for artificial soft tissue constructs with natural biomechanics in future.

Very small “window of opportunity” for generating CO oxidation-active Au_<i>n</i> on TiO₂

Tang, X.,Schneider, J.,Dollinger, A.,Luo, Y.,Wö,rz, A. S.,Judai, K.,Abbet, S.,Kim, Y. D.,Gantefö,r, G. F.,Fairbrother, D. H.,Heiz, U.,Bowen, K. H.,Proch, S. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 Physical chemistry chemical physics Vol.16 No.14

<P>Recent research in heterogeneous catalysis, especially on size-selected model systems under UHV conditions and also in realistic catalytic environments, has proved that it is necessary to think in terms of the exact number of atoms when it comes to catalyst design. This is of utmost importance if the amount of noble metal, gold in particular, is to be reduced for practical reactions like CO oxidation. Here it is shown that on TiO<SUB>2</SUB> only Au<SUB>6</SUB> and Au<SUB>7</SUB> clusters are active for CO oxidation which holds for the single crystal, thin films, and titania clusters deposited on HOPG. Size-selected cluster deposition and TPD methods have been employed to investigate the CO oxidation activity of Au<SUB><I>n</I></SUB>/TiO<SUB>2</SUB> systems which are compared to recent results reported by Lee <I>et al.</I> to form a consistent picture in which only two species can be regarded as “active”. The efficiency of investigated Au<SUB><I>n</I></SUB>/(TiO<SUB>2</SUB>)<SUB>93</SUB>/HOPG composite materials is attributed to carbon-assisted oxygen spillover from gold to support particles and across grain boundaries.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>The probability of creating CO oxidation-active species on TiO<SUB>2</SUB> is very small since only Au<SUB>6</SUB> and Au<SUB>7</SUB> are catalytically active. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c4cp00160e'> </P>

Elastocapillary coalescence of plates and pillars

Wei, Z.,Schneider, T. M.,Kim, J.,Kim, H.-Y.,Aizenberg, J.,Mahadevan, L. Royal Society 2015 Proceedings, Mathematical, physical, and engineeri Vol.471 No.2175

<P>When a fluid-immersed array of supported plates or pillars is dried, evaporation leads to the formation of menisci on the tips of the plates or pillars that bring them together to form complex patterns. Building on prior experimental observations, we use a combination of theory and computation to understand the nature of this instability and its evolution in both the two- and three-dimensional setting of the problem. For the case of plates, we explicitly derive the interaction torques based on the relevant physical parameters associated with pillar deformation, contact-line pinning/depinning and fluid volume changes. A Bloch-wave analysis for our periodic mechanical system captures the window of volumes where the two-plate eigenvalue characterizes the onset of the coalescence instability. We then study the evolution of these binary clusters and their eventual elastic arrest using numerical simulations that account for evaporative dynamics coupled to capillary coalescence. This explains both the formation of hierarchical clusters and the sensitive dependence of the final structures on initial perturbations, as seen in our experiments. We then generalize our analysis to treat the problem of pillar collapse in three dimensions, where the fluid domain is completely connected and the interface is a minimal surface with the uniform mean curvature. Our theory and simulations capture the salient features of experimental observations in a range of different situations and may thus be useful in controlling the ensuing patterns.</P>

Physical and chemical changes of coal during catalytic fluidized bed gasification

Marchand, D.J.,Schneider, E.,Williams, B.P.,Joo, Y.L.,Kim, J.,Kim, G.T.,Kim, S.H. Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co 2015 Fuel processing technology Vol.130 No.-

Coal gasification was studied by analyzing samples of feedstock extracted from a fluidized bed gasifier at various times throughout the gasification process. The analysis techniques used included energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for elemental concentrations in the bulk and at the surface, respectively; acidimetric titrations to quantify the concentration of certain oxygen functional groups; and the BET method to determine surface area and porosity. The changes in feed particle size and composition showed that the gasification reaction rate was slow compared to the gas diffusion rates inside the coal particle. Detailed analysis of the composition and oxygen functional groups showed that the catalyst was loaded in the coal by ion exchange with surface oxygen functional groups. As the gasification reaction proceeded, the oxidized carbon content increased in the coal loaded with catalyst, but decreased in the coal without catalyst. That result supports the idea that the catalyst increases the reaction rate by helping to oxidize the carbon and increasing the number of reactive sites, rather than by decreasing the energy barrier for carbon-carbon bond breakage.

Impact of ENSO on East Asian winter monsoon during interglacial periods: effect of orbital forcing

An, S. I.,Kim, H. J.,Park, W.,Schneider, B. Springer-International 2017 Climate dynamics Vol.49 No.9