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Refined identification of hybrid traffic in DNS tunnels based on regression analysis
Bai, Huiwen,Liu, Guangjie,Zhai, Jiangtao,Liu, Weiwei,Ji, Xiaopeng,Yang, Luhui,Dai, Yuewei Electronics and Telecommunications Research Instit 2021 ETRI Journal Vol.43 No.1
DNS (Domain Name System) tunnels almost obscure the true network activities of users, which makes it challenging for the gateway or censorship equipment to identify malicious or unpermitted network behaviors. An efficient way to address this problem is to conduct a temporal-spatial analysis on the tunnel traffic. Nevertheless, current studies on this topic limit the DNS tunnel to those with a single protocol, whereas more than one protocol may be used simultaneously. In this paper, we concentrate on the refined identification of two protocols mixed in a DNS tunnel. A feature set is first derived from DNS query and response flows, which is incorporated with deep neural networks to construct a regression model. We benchmark the proposed method with captured DNS tunnel traffic, the experimental results show that the proposed scheme can achieve identification accuracy of more than 90%. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed scheme is the first to estimate the ratios of two mixed protocols in DNS tunnels.
Lili Pan,Zihua Chen,Wenxiu De,Guangjie Yang,Xikui Liu 한국고분자학회 2016 Macromolecular Research Vol.24 No.4
The past decades have witnessed significant advance in the synthesis of covalent organic frameworks (COFs), however, their formation and morphology revolution mechanism have been rarely reported. Here, through an acid modulated dynamic covalent chemistry approach, pure and uniform micro-octahedral covalent imine frameworks were obtained for the first time. Formation mechanism based on the stacking of initially formed two-dimensional nanoplates followed by surface smoothing enabled by the dynamic nature of imine bonding was proposed. Furthermore, we revealed for the first time that nonstoichiometric method can be applied to the synthesis of covalent organic frameworks. Thus we provide novel strategy for the morphology control COFs which will surely facilitate their application in energy-related area.
Ming Li,Haijuan Xie,Miaomiao He,Wang Su,Yongzhi Yang,Jian Wang,Guangji Ye,Yun Zhou 한국유전학회 2020 Genes & Genomics Vol.42 No.2
Background The sugar will eventually be exported transporter (SWEET) family is a novel type of membrane-embedded sugar transporter that contains seven transmembrane helices with two MtN3/saliva domains. The SWEET family plays crucial roles in multiple processes, including carbohydrate transportation, development, environmental adaptability and host–pathogen interactions. Although SWEET genes, especially those involved in response to biotic stresses, have been extensively characterized in many plants, they have not yet been studied in potato. Objective The identification of StSWEET genes provides important candidates for further functional analysis and lays the foundation for the production of good quality and high yield potatoes through molecular breeding. Methods In this study, StSWEET genes were identified using a genome-wide search method. A comprehensive analysis of StSWEET family through bioinformatics methods, such as phylogenetic tree, gene structure and promoter prediction analysis. The expression profiles of StSWEET genes in different potato tissues and under P. infestans attack and sugar stress were studied using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results Phylogenetic analysis classified 33 StSWEET genes into four groups containing 12, 5, 12 and 4 genes. Furthermore, the gene structures and conserved motifs found that the StSWEET genes are very conservative during evolution. The chromosomal localization pattern showed that the distribution and density of the StSWEETs on 10 potato chromosomes were uneven and basically clustered. Predictive promoter analysis indicated that StSWEET proteins are associated with cell growth, development, secondary metabolism, and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Finally, the expression patterns of the StSWEET genes in different tissues and the induction of P. infestans and the process of the sugar stress were investigated to obtain the tissue-specific and stress-responsive candidates. Conclusion This study systematically identifies the SWEET gene family in potato at the genome-wide level, providing important candidates for further functional analysis and contributing to a better understanding of the molecular basis of development and tolerance in potato.