Hydrodynamic simulations of oscillating shock waves in a sub-Keplerian accretion flow around black holes

Giri, Kinsuk,Chakrabarti, Sandip K.,Samanta, Madan M.,Ryu, D. Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2010 MONTHLY NOTICES- ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY Vol.403 No.1

<P>ABSTRACT</P><P>We study the accretion processes on a black hole by a numerical simulation. We use a grid-based finite difference code for this purpose. We scan the parameter space spanned by the specific energy and the angular momentum and compare the time-dependent solutions with those obtained from theoretical considerations. We found several important results. (a) The time-dependent flow behaves close to a constant height model flow in the pre-shock region and a flow with vertical equilibrium in the post-shock region. (c) The infall time-scale in the post-shock region is several times higher than the free-fall time-scale. (b) There are two discontinuities in the flow, one being just outside of the inner sonic point. Turbulence plays a major role in determining the locations of these discontinuities. (d) The two discontinuities oscillate with two different frequencies and behave as a coupled harmonic oscillator. A Fourier analysis of the variation of the outer shock location indicates higher power at the lower frequency and lower power at the higher frequency. The opposite is true when the analysis of the inner shock is made. These behaviours will have implications in the spectral and timing properties of black hole candidates.</P>

Effects of bioactive substance from turmeric on growth, skin mucosal immunity and antioxidant factors in common carp, <i>Cyprinus carpio</i>

Giri, Sib Sankar,Sukumaran, V.,Park, Se Chang ACADEMIC PRESS LTD 2019 FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY Vol.92 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Present study evaluated the effects of curcumin, the principal curcuminoid of turmeric, on <I>Cyprinus carpio</I> growth, skin mucosal immune parameters, immune-related gene expression, and susceptibility to pathogen challenge. Diets containing four various concentrations of curcumin (g Kg<SUP>−1</SUP>): 0 g [basal diet], 5 g [T5], 10 g [T10], and 15 g [T15] were fed to the carp (average weight: 16.37 g) for 8 weeks. Growth parameters were analysed at 4 and 8 weeks post-feeding. Skin mucosal immune responses and expression were examined in 8 weeks post-feeding. Growth performance was significantly higher in T10 and T15, with final weight gain of 102.26 ± 2.31 g and specific growth rate of 3.24 ± 0.37, respectively. The lowest feed conversion ratio (2.35 ± 0.16) was recorded in T15 than in the control (<I>P</I> < 0.05). Among the skin mucosal immune parameters examined, lysozyme (36.8 ± 4.03 U mL<SUP>−1</SUP>), total immunoglobulin (6.74 ± 0.5 mg mL<SUP>−1</SUP>), protein level (18.7 ± 1.62 mg mL<SUP>−1</SUP>), alkaline phosphatase (96.37 ± 6.3 IU L<SUP>−1</SUP>), and protease activity (9.47 ± 0.82%) were significantly higher in T15, while the peroxidase activity was higher in T10 (10.24 ± 0.9 U mg<SUP>−1</SUP> protein). Further, lysozyme, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were measured in serum and found to be higher in T10 or T15 than in the control (<I>P</I> < 0.05). However, malondialdehyde level decreased significantly in T10 and T15. Furthermore, antioxidant genes (SOD, CAT, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) and anti-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin-10 were upregulated in the head kidney, intestine, and hepatopancreas of fish in T10 and T15. Conversely, expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, tumour necrosis factor-alpha), signalling molecule NF-κBp65 were down-regulated in the tested tissues of T10 and T15. Expression of Toll-like receptor 22 (TLR22) was down regulated in head-kidney and intestine of T15. Fish from T15 exhibited significantly higher relative post-challenge survival (69.70%) against <I>Aeromonas hydrophila</I> challenge. Results of the present study suggest that dietary supplements of curcumin at 15 g Kg<SUP>−1</SUP>can significantly improve the growth performance, skin mucosal and serum antioxidant parameters, and strengthen the immunity of <I>C. carpio</I>. Therefore, curcumin represents a promising food additive for carps in aquaculture.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Curcumin intake improves growth and skin mucosal immunity of <I>Cyprinus carpio</I>. </LI> <LI> Dietary curcumin alters antioxidant- and inflammatory-related gene expression. </LI> <LI> Fish fed diet supplemented with 15 g kg<SUP>−1</SUP> of curcumin had the highest post-challenge survival rate. </LI> </UL> </P>

Role of Bacillus subtilis VSG4-derived biosurfactant in mediating immune responses in Labeo rohita

Giri, S.S.,Sen, S.S.,Jun, J.W.,Sukumaran, V.,Park, S.C. Academic Press 2016 FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY Vol.54 No.-

<P>This study aimed to isolate biosurfactant from CO2-sequestering Bacillus subtilis VSG4 and to evaluate its immunostimulatory effect in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Fish were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 0.1 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing the water-soluble fraction of purified biosurfactant at 50 (S50), 100 (S100), 200 (S200), or 300 (S300) mu g mL(-1). Fish injected with PBS served as controls. Various immunological parameters, including immune-related gene expression, were measured at 14, 21, and 28 days post administration (dpa). At 28 dpa, the.fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila and mortality was recorded up to 14 days. Among the immune parameters tested, lysozyme levels (36.32 +/- 1.79 U mL(-1)), alternative complement pathway activity (76.26 +/- 2.18 U mL(-1)), phagocytic activity (32.18 +/- 0.67%), and serum bactericidal activity (73.2 +/- 4.7%) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the 5200 group at 21 dpa than in the controls. Respiratory burst activity (0.386 +/- 0.008 OD630nm) was the highest in the 5200 group at 28 dpa. Of the immune-related genes examined, pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta) were significantly down-regulated in the S200 and 5300 groups. Expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-beta) as well as IKB-alpha was higher (P < 0.05) in the S100-S300 groups at 21 dpa. The expression of NF-kappa B p65, IKK-beta, MAPKp38, and Myd88 was down-regulated in the treated groups when compared to the controls. Fish in the 5200 group exhibited the highest post challenge relative survival rate (67.88%). Collectively, these results suggest that secondary metabolite (biosurfactant) isolated from B. subtilis VSG4 at 200 mu g mL(-1) can positively influence immune responses, enhance disease resistance, and stimulate immune-related gene expression in L rohita. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</P>

Effects of intracellular products of Bacillus subtilis VSG1 and Lactobacillus plantarum VSG3 on cytokine responses in the head kidney macrophages of Labeo rohita

Giri, S.S.,Sen, S.S.,Chi, C.,Kim, H.J.,Yun, S.,Park, S.C.,Sukumaran, V. Academic Press 2015 FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY Vol.47 No.2

The efficiency of intracellular products (ICPs) of the probiotics Bacillus subtilis VSG1 and Lactobacillus plantarum VSG3 in stimulating cytokine responses in the head kidney (HK) macrophages of Labeo rohita was investigated. The HK macrophages were incubated with ICPs and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the responses of cytokine genes, namely interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-1β, IL-12p35, IL-12p40, IL-18, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), interferon-1 (IFN-1), and IFN-γ were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) at 2, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h post-stimulation (hps). Among the proinflammatory cytokines, a strong increase in the gene expression of IL-1β and TNF-α was displayed mainly at 2-6 hps with ICPs, as compared to that of the positive control (LPS) or the negative control (PBS) (P < 0.05). However, COX-2 and NF-κB showed higher expression at 2 and 24 hps, and 6-24 hps with ICPs, respectively. Antiviral cytokines IFN-1 and IFN-γ displayed strong expressions (P < 0.05) at 6-12 hps, and 12-24 hps with ICPs, respectively. Upregulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, was recorded at 6-24 hps with ICPs, as compared to that controls. Expressions of cell-mediated immune factor genes (IL-12p35, IL-12p40, and IL-18) were also significantly upregulated at different time points, except 48 hps, in HK macrophages stimulated with ICPs. Furthermore, enhanced cellular (phagocytic activity and nitroblue tetrazolium assay) and humoral (lysozyme) immune parameters in stimulated cells confirmed the induction of the inflammatory response. Therefore, the results of this in vitro study indicate that the ICPs of B. subtilis VSG1 or L. plantarum VSG3 have great potential for stimulating the cytokine responses in fish, and are thereby potential immunostimulants to fish. Further studies could be conducted to explore its suitability as an adjuvant vaccine in aquaculture.

Does Technological Progress, Trade, or Financial Globalization Stimulate Income Inequality in India?

GIRI, Arun Kumar,PANDEY, Rajan,MOHAPATRA, Geetilaxmi Korea Distribution Science Association 2021 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.8 No.2

The main purpose of the present research is to analyze the effects of trade, financial globalization, and technological progress on income inequality in the Indian economy over the period from 1982 to 2018. For this purpose, the study uses economic growth, financial globalization, trade openness, technological development, and economic inequality variables with appropriate proxies. The study employs the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach to co-integration and VECM based Granger causality approach to estimate both the short-run and long-run relationship and causality among variables. Using the ARDL bounds test, the study finds a long-run co-integrating relationship existing among the variables in the model. The study confirms the existence of a positive and significant impact of technological progress on income inequality. Further, globalization's limited impact reflects two offsetting tendencies; trade globalization is associated with a reduction in income inequality, while financial globalization is related to an increase in inequality. The results of VECM based Granger causality approach further confirm that technological progress, trade, and financial globalization causes income inequality both directly and indirectly through economic growth and inflation. In case of India, the results of this research can significantly facilitate stakeholders and policymakers in devising policies towards effective globalization and technological innovation for inclusive growth.

Evaluation of dietary <i>Hybanthus enneaspermus</i> (Linn F. Muell.) as a growth and haemato-immunological modulator in <i>Labeo rohita</i>

Giri, Sib Sankar,Jun, Jun Woo,Sukumaran, Venkatachalam,Park, Se Chang ACADEMIC PRESS LTD 2017 FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY Vol.68 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This study evaluated the effects of <I>Hybanthus enneaspermus</I> aqueous extract (HEE) as a feed supplement on growth, immune responses, haematological, and biochemical parameters of <I>Labeo rohita</I> and its susceptibility to <I>Aeromonas hydrophila</I> infection. Diets containing five variable concentrations of HEE (g kg<SUP>−1</SUP>) (0 [basal diet], 1.0 [H1], 2.0 [H2], 3.0 [H3], and 4.0 [H4]) were fed to fish (average weight: 17.2 ± 0.21 g) for 6 weeks. Growth parameters, immune parameters, and haemato-biochemical parameters were examined 6 weeks post-feeding. The results showed that growth parameters, such as final weight (39.47 ± 3.1 g) and specific growth rate (1.92 ± 0.2), were significantly higher in the H3 group than in the control. Immunological parameters such as serum lysozyme (24.73 ± 2.16 U mg<SUP>−1</SUP>), phagocytic activity (19.14± 0.26%), and respiratory burst activity (0.307 ± 0.005) were significantly higher in the H3 group, compared with the control. Among the haematological parameters examined, red blood cells, white blood cells, neutrophils, total serum protein, and albumin levels were significantly higher in the H3 group. However, HEE administration had no significant effect on haematocrit, haemoglobin, monocytes, or eosinophils levels. Blood biochemical parameters, including superoxide dismutase and alkaline phosphatase activities, were higher (<I>P</I> < 0.05) in the H3 group than in the control; however, the opposite result was found for aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, glucose, and cholesterol. Supplementation with 3 g kg<SUP>−1</SUP> HEE increased the activities of intestinal digestive enzyme (amylase, protease, and lipase) in fish. Moreover, fish fed diets supplemented with 3 g kg<SUP>−1</SUP> HEE exhibited the highest disease resistance against <I>A. hydrophila</I> infection. These results suggest that dietary administration of HEE (at 3 g kg<SUP>−1</SUP>) has several positive effects on growth, immune and haematological responses in <I>L. rohita</I>.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> <I>Labeo rohita</I> diets were supplemented with <I>Hybanthus enneaspermus</I> extract (HEE). </LI> <LI> Dietary administration of 3 g kg<SUP>−1</SUP> HEE improved growth performance in <I>L. rohita.</I> </LI> <LI> Dietary HEE had several positive effects on haematological, biochemical and immune responses of fish. </LI> <LI> HEE at 3 g Kg<SUP>−1</SUP> enhanced the intestinal enzymatic activities in fish. </LI> <LI> Diets with 3 g kg<SUP>−1</SUP> HEE provided the highest protection against pathogen challenge. </LI> </UL> </P>

ANN based prediction of moment coefficients in slabs subjected to patch load

Giri, Venkiteela,Upadhyay, Akhil Techno-Press 2006 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.24 No.4

Cellulose and its derivatives for application in 3D printing of pharmaceuticals

Giri Bhupendra Raj,Poudel Surendra,김동욱 한국약제학회 2021 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.51 No.1

Background Three-dimensional printing (3DP) has emerged as an advanced manufacturing technology capable of producing complex yet precise medicines intended for patient-centric drug therapy. However, printable materials currently available for 3DP are far too limited. Area covered The current article covers various cellulose-based polymers as well as their applications, especially in 3DP of oral solid dosage forms. The review focuses on their physicochemical properties, roles, and functions in conventional as well as 3DP dosage forms, and the characteristics of the obtained printed products are discussed. In addition, the challenges and considerations for processing cellulose-based feedstock materials are briefly presented. Expert opinion Cellulose and its derivatives are regarded as suitable polymers with a huge potential for applications in 3DP drug delivery systems. It is therefore essential to better understand cellulose-based printable polymers and their applications in 3DP.

Pinocembrin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in Labeo rohita macrophages via the suppression of the NF-κB signalling pathway

Giri, S.S.,Sen, S.S.,Sukumaran, V.,Park, S.C. Academic Press 2016 FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY Vol.56 No.-

<P>Pinocembrin is a flavonoid that has been reported to exhibit various pharmacological and biological activities including antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. To explore the anti-inflammatory activity of pinocembrin in a fish cell line, we investigated its ability to regulate the inflammatory mediators elevated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Labeo rohita head-kidney (HK) macrophages. HK macrophages of L. rohita were treated with LPS (1 (mu g mL(-1)) in the presence or absence of pinocembrin. We examined the inhibitory effect of pinocembrin on LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)) production. The inhibitory effect of pinocembrin on nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was investigated by RT-PCR and western blot. The effect of pinocembrin on pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta)) and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was investigated by ELISA and RT-PCR. The phosphorylation of three mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) ERK, JNK, and p38 was analysed by western blot. Pinocembrin inhibited LPS-induced productions of NO and PGE2, and also markedly inhibited TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, iNOS, and COX-2 production in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta mRNA expression levels decreased significantly, while IL-10 mRNA expression increased (P < 0.05) with pinocembrin pre-treatment. RT-PCR and western blot analysis showed that pinocembrin decreased both the mRNA and protein expression levels of LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 in HK macrophages. Pinocembrin suppressed the phosphorylation of MAPK in LPS-stimulated HK macrophages. Further, pinocembrin significantly inhibited LPS-induced NF-kappa B transcriptional activity via the attenuation of I kappa B alpha degradation. Taken together, pinocembrin reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as iNOS, COX-2, TNF-alpha, and IL-1 beta, by inhibiting NF-kappa B activation via the suppression of ERK and p38 phosphorylation, and by attenuating the degradation of I kappa B alpha. These results suggest that pinocembrin is a potential novel candidate for the treatment of inflammatory conditions in L. rohita macrophages. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</P>

Development of wireless laser blade deflection monitoring system for mobile wind turbine management host

Giri, Paritosh,Lee, Jung-Ryul SAGE Publications 2014 Journal of intelligent material systems and struct Vol.25 No.11

<P>This study proposes a wireless laser displacement sensor system for in situ deflection monitoring of wind turbine blades. This system consists of a tower-installed laser displacement sensor system composed of a laser displacement sensor head, controller, Zigbee transmitter, and analog-to-digital converter module, combined with a mobile host that includes a Zigbee receiver and a laptop. In contrast to the approach of blade sensor installation, the laser displacement sensor system is installed in the tower to enable noncontact blade displacement monitoring. The concepts of direct noncontact remote sensing and actuation from the tower and remote power delivery from the tower to blade-installed sensors and actuators will enable various approaches for wind turbine structural health monitoring. The proposed system can easily identify problems related to deflection. The size of wind blades increases with energy demands. Due to the large size of wind turbines, current wind turbines are installed very high above ground level. It is impractical to monitor the results from laser displacement sensor through wired connection in these cases. Hence, wired connections of laser displacement sensors to base monitoring stations must be replaced with a wireless solution. This wireless solution is achieved using Zigbee technology. The output from the laser displacement sensor is fed to a microcontroller, which acts as an analog-to-digital converter. The output from the microcontroller is connected to the Zigbee transceiver module, which transmits the data, and at the other end, the Zigbee reads the data and displays it on a PC, from which users can monitor the condition of the wind blades.</P>