MODELLING FISH MOVEMENT IN A VERTICAL SLOT FISHWAY

FUJIHARA MASAYUKI,AKIMOTO MAI,CHHATKULI SUBAS 한국수자원학회 2005 한국수자원학회 학술대회 Vol.2005 No.1

EATING AND RUMINATION BEHAVIOUR IN SHEEP FED A HAY DIET WITH AN ORAL SUPPLEMENT OF UREA

Fujihara, T.,Ichinohe, T.,Harumoto, T. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1994 Animal Bioscience Vol.7 No.4

The effect of orally supplemented urea on eating and rumination behaviour of sheep fed a low-quality hay was investigated in this study. Daily time spent eating was not influenced by ruminal addition of urea, thus the eating rate (g DM/min) also did not change with urea supplementation. The rumination appearance (the lag time after eating) tended to be shorted with urea supplement than without supplement, but not significantly (p>0.05). Daily time spent ruminating was in the range of 600-630 min/d, and rumination index (ruminating time/100 g DM ingested) was 85 min. on the average for all the treatments, but there were no significant differences among the values in each treatment. Daily number of rumination periods tended to be smaller with urea supplement than with no urea, but not significantly (p>0.05), and cyclic rate was almost constant in all the treatments. From these results, it may be concluded that an administration of urea in sheep receiving hay diet could have little effect on eating and rumination behaviour, when it was given at two times a day.

EFFECTS ON EATING AND RUMINATION BEHAVIOUR IN SHEEP OF FORMIC ACID AND FORMALDEHYDE TREATMENT AND METHIONINE-SUPPLEMENTATION TO LADINO CLOVER FIBROUS RESIDUE SILAGE

Fujihara, T.,Ichinohe, T.,Nakao, T. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1995 Animal Bioscience Vol.8 No.5

The effects of formic acid and formaldehyde treatment and methionine supplementation to ladino clover fibrous residue silage on eating and rumination behaviour were studied in sheep. From the ladino clover fibrous residue, two silage were prepared, either untreated or treated with formic acid and formaldehyde. Four experimental diets: untreated silage, treated silage, untreated silage with supplementation of methionine and treated silage with supplementation of methionine, were offered to four sheep at a restricted level of DM intake (2% of BW/d) twice daily in a two-way layout design. Methionine supplementation with the treated silage significantly (p < 0.05) reduced daily time spent eating, and consequently, markedly increased rate of eating. However, there was little effect of methionine supplementation on the daily time spent eating and eating rate for sheep offered untreated silage. Methionine supplementation with the treated silage reduced daily time spent ruminating, although the same effect was not observed for untreated silage. The rumination index (time spent ruminating/100 g DM eaten) was remarkably smaller (p < 0.05) with methionine supplement in feeding treated silage, although it did not differ for sheep offered untreated silage. There were no clear effect of methionine supplementation on the rumination efficiency (i.e. number of chews/bolus, bolus time and rumination chewing rate) both feeding untreated silage and treated silage.

THE EFFECT OF MECHANICAL PROCESSING OF HAY ON THE EATING AND RUMINATION BEHAVIOUR IN SHEEP

Fujihara, T.,Harumoto, T. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1991 Animal Bioscience Vol.4 No.1

An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of change in length of hay offered on eating and rumination behaviour in sheep using three types of hay diets (L: long, M: 8.0-cm cut, S: 1.2-cm cut) and 3 Japanese Corriedale wethers, and the experiment was designed as $3{\times}3$ latine square. The time spent eating per 100 g hay was significantly shorter with long (L) hay (p < 0.05) than with chopped (M and S) hay, and therefore, the eating rate (g D.M./min.) was significantly higher in the former (p < 0.05) than in the latter. Rumination appearance (the lag time after eating) tended to be longer with long hay than with chopped hay, but not significantly (p > 0.05). Daily time spent ruminating, the actual chewing time and daily number of chews tended to be more in feeding long hay than in feeding chopped hay, but not significantly. Daily number of rumination periods was significantly more with long hay (p < 0.01) than with chopped hay. Cyclic rate tended to be longer with long hay than with chopped hay, in particular, the difference in values between long hay and 8.0-cm cut hay was significant statistically (p < 0.01). The rumination index (time spent ruminating/100 g D.M, eaten) tended to be higher with long hay than with chopped hay, and the difference in values between long hay and 1.2-cm cut hay was significant statistically (p < 0.05). Bolus time was significantly longer with long hay (p < 0.01) than that with 8.0-cm cut hay. The circadian pattern of ruminating time was not changed by the changes in length of hay eaten.

외부유전자의 전이에 의한 배아세포와 트란스젠닉 가금 생산의 가능성

Fujihara, N. 한국가금학회 1999 韓國家禽學會誌 Vol.26 No.2

In recent years, numerous researches have been carried out in author's laboratory to develop several kinds of methods for producing transgened chicken, leaving a lot of new findings. Some of them are very useful to search for new approaches necessary to improve the efficiency of hatchability and the survival rate of developing trasgened embryos. The results obtained hitherto might be summarized as follows: (1) foreign gene(Lac Z/ Miw Z) introduced into blastodermal cells of developing embryos was successfully transferred to embryos, leading to the production of primordial germ cells(PGCs) carrying foreign DNA. However, hatched hickens failed to show the incorporation of introduced gene into the gonads. (2) When foreign gene was introduced into germinal crescent region (GCR), the gene was also efficiently incorporated into germ cells, resulting in the production of transgened chickens(offspring) which produced fruther offspring having foreign gene in the gonads. In this case, 2nd and 3rd generations of chickens were obtained through the reproduction of transgened birds. (3) In another way, the gene was injected into blood vessels of developing embryos at stage 13∼15, creating PGCs having foreign gene, and produced some transgened chickens. In this work, the PGCs were transfered between embryos, resulting in the production of transgenic chickens. (4) in these experiments, PGCs were effectively employed for producing transgenic birds, developing some kinds of chimeric chickens from homo- or hetero-sexual transfer of the PGCs from embryos. This means that the gonads from donor PGCs developed in some degree to the stage of hatching. However, these gonads showed slightly abnormal tissues similar to ovotestis like organs through histological examination. (5) Avian Leukosis Virus(ALV) induced B cell line(DT40) successfully carried foreign genes into chicken embryos, suggesting the possibility of the cells as a vector in this field of study in the future. (6) Inter-embryonic transfer of the PGCs also gave us some.

UPTAKE OF α-AMINOISOBUTYRIC ACID (AlB) BY ROOSTER SPERMATOZOA

Fujihara, N.,Koga, O. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1990 Animal Bioscience Vol.3 No.2

This experiment was designed to determine whether ${\alpha}$-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) can be used to predict membrane function of spermatozoa by measuring the uptake of AIB by fresh, stored and frozen-thawed rooster spermatozoa. When spermatozoa were stored at low temperature ($0{\sim}3^{\circ}C$) for 24 h. no difference was found in AIB uptake compared with fresh spermatozoa, whereas storage for 48 h resulted in a slight increase in AIB uptake by spermatozoa. On the one hand, the uptake of AIB by frozen-thawed spermatozoa was less than that by fresh spermatozoa. This suggests possibility of a different membrane transport system between spermatozoa preserved at low temperature ($0{\sim}3^{\circ}C$) and those frozen-thawed. Glycerol used as cryoprotectant may modify rooster sperm membrane in a different manner from cold preservation. Ouabaine ($10^{-4}M$) caused a slight decrease in AIB uptake, but caffeine ($10^{-2}M$) did not influence spermatozoal AIB uptake. These results indicate a successful application of AIB to rooster spermatozoa as a mean for measuring sperm membrane function and suggest a possible alteration of membrane transport system in rooster spermatozoa between cold ($0{\sim}3^{\circ}C$) and cryopreservation ($-196^{\circ}C$).

THE EFFECT OF FREQUENT FEEDING ON EATING AND RUMINATION BEHAVIOUR IN SHEEP FED ONLY ROUGHAGE DIET

Fujihara, T.,Harumoto, T. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1989 Animal Bioscience Vol.2 No.3

THE EFFECT OF A GRADUAL INCREASE OR DECREASE OF DAILY HAY INTAKE ON EATING AND RUMINATING BEHAVIOUR IN SHEEP

Fujihara, T.,Nakao, T.,Harumoto, T. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1990 Animal Bioscience Vol.3 No.3

In the present experiment, the relationship between rumination and the amount of roughage eaten by sheep was investigated in detail. Daily time spent eating was obviously changed along with an increase or decrease in daily hay intake. Daily time spent ruminating and daily number of boli regurgitated was also linearly increased or decreased with an increase or decrease of daily hay intake, and there were regression lines between daily amount of hay eaten and daily ruminating time or daily number of boli with statistical significant coefficients. Cyclic rate (total rumination time(s)/number of boli regurgitated) and daily number of rumination periods did not change in an outline along with the changes in daily hay intake. From these results, it can be suggested that daily dry matter intake by sheep could be presumed by measuring daily time spent ruminating when they were fed only roughage feed.

Possible Application of Animal Reproductive Researches to the Restoration of Endangered and/or Extinct Wild Animals - Review -

Fujihara, N.,Xi, Y.M. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2000 Animal Bioscience Vol.13 No.7

As described here, most recently developed methods for improving reproduction performance of domesticated animals such as cattle, swine and chicken have been considered to be also usable for restoring some sorts of endangered and/or extinct wild animals in the very near future. Especially, the techniques for in vitro storage of gametes obtained from dead animals shortly after the death, probably 24 h following the sacrifice are also available for obtaining some of experimental specimens. In case of the endangered animals, nobody will be allowed to use any tissues from the living animals, therefore, e.g., the use of skin tissues from these bodies is another possibility of restoring the living animals. Regarding the use of skin tissues, the most highly usable tools must be the cloning techniques for reviving rare cells from the living body. Most possible techniques for cloning cells is nuclear transfer from rare species to highly relative species, and this is the case of germ cells, e.g., primordial germ cells (PGCs) of avian species. One of the possibilities is the nuclear transfer of Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon) to the PGCs of chicken, resulting in the PGCs with transferred nucleus from the ibis. In mammalian species, the same procedure as in the case of birds would be successful, e.g., the removed nucleus from Giant Pandas will be transferred to the cell, such as somatic cells or germ cells from black bears or lesser pandas, leading to the production of transnucleared cells in the body of female black bears. These two cases are most promising techniques for reviving endangered animals in the world, particularly in Asian countries, mainly in China. As a conclusion, possible production of cloned animals carrying transnucleared cells from endangered animals, such as Giant Pandas and Crested Ibis, may be reproduced gradually in the near future. Scientists are, therefore, required to convert the paradigm from domestic animals to wild animals, including endangered and/or extinct animals on the earth.

MINERAL STATUS OF GRAZING PHILIPPINE GOATS I. THE NUTRITION OF CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM AND PHOSPHORUS OF GOATS IN LUZON ISLAND

Fujihara, T.,Matsui, T.,Hayashi, S.,Robles, A.Y.,Serra, A.B.,Cruz, L.C.,Shimizu, H. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1992 Animal Bioscience Vol.5 No.2

Nutritional status of macro minerals (Ca, Mg and P) in goats grazed on the native pasture was investigated for 2 years in Luzon Island, Republic of the Philippines. Three regions in Luzon Island (Los Banos; Southern area, Munoz, Nueva Ecija; Central area and Baguio; Northern area) were objected to collect the samples of forages and blood of goats on the pasture. The average values in Ca, Mg and P contents of all the forage samples were 0.29-1.32, 0.13-0.56 and 0.15-0.45% of dry matter, respectively, and these figures almost exceeded the required dietary levels for sheep. There was no obvious changes in mineral content of forages between the seasons of rainy and dry, or among regions. In blood Ca level, more than a half of goats (57.9%) without supplement showed the level below the lower limit, and the low level was not improved even when they fed with some supplemental concentrates. The plasma levels of Mg and P were satisfactory, referring to the lower limit of normal level in goats. It is, therefore, necessary to decide the requirement and to establish a most suitable technique for supplying Ca to grazing goats in Luzon Island.