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Steady-State Analysis and Trade Balance Convergence Rate of ASEAN Member Countries
Agus Maolana HIDAYAT1,Rina INDIASTUTI2,Budiono BUDIONO3,Ferry HADIYANTO4 한국유통과학회 2021 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.8 No.6
The international trade role of a country depends on its economic condition, international economic openness, and cooperative orientation in its trade. This research analyzes AFTA free trade relating to the steady-state, disparity, and the ASEAN members’ trade balance convergence rate. The data used was taken from UNCTAD, ASYB, and Central Bank of Indonesia. The analysis model used was the most appropriate from Common, Fixed Effect Model (FEM), Random Effect Model (REM), and Generalized Method of Moment (GMM). ASEAN members’ balance trade reached a different steady-state for every country, therefore convergence pattern did not take place, and the divergence pattern occurred in trade balance among the member countries. The divergent trade balance was due to the different early economic conditions, macroeconomic development, trade openness, and trade facilities and infrastructures in each country. It was also due to the ASEAN intratrade cooperative role and low investment coming from intra-ASEAN foreign investment. To promote trade and lower divergent trade balance, it is necessary to promote intra-ASEAN trade and create a conducive situation for foreign capital investors.
Theresia Santi,Veli Sungono,Lina Kamarga,Baringin De Samakto,Ferry Hidayat,Feronica Kusuma Hidayat,Magy Satolom,Anita Permana,Irawan Yusuf,Ivet Marita Suriapranata,Juandy Jo 대한백신학회 2022 Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research Vol.11 No.2
Purpose: This study was performed to investigate humoral immune response and adverse events upon the heterologous prime-boost with a single dose of the mRNA-1273 vaccine among fully CoronaVac-vaccinated, infection-naïve healthcare workers in Indonesia. Materials and Methods: One hundred twenty-five eligible healthcare workers were recruited from one hospital for this prospective cohort study. Blood collection was conducted twice, i.e., on 7 days before and 28 days after the booster vaccination. The titer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) antibodies was quantified accordingly. The post-vaccination adverse event was recorded for both CoronaVac and mRNA-1273 vaccinations. Any breakthrough infection was monitored during the follow-up period. Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test was used to test differences between groups. Results: A significant increase was observed in the titer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibodies upon receiving the mRNA-1273 booster (geometric mean titers of 65.57 and 47,445 U/mL in pre- and post-booster, respectively), supporting the argument to use heterologous prime-boost vaccination to improve the protection against COVID-19 in a high-risk population. The mRNA-1273 vaccine, however, caused a higher frequency of adverse events than the CoronaVac vaccine. Nonetheless, the adverse events were considered minor medical events and temporary as all subjects were not hospitalized and fully recovered. Of note, no breakthrough infection was observed during the follow-up to 12 weeks post-booster. Conclusion: The heterologous prime-boost vaccination of healthcare workers with a single dose of the mRNA-1273 vaccine generated a significant elevation in humoral immune response towards RBD of SARS-CoV-2 and was associated with a higher frequency, but minor and transient, adverse events.