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Lee, Jea Uk,Cirpan, Ali,Emrick, Todd,Russell, Thomas P.,Jo, Won Ho Royal Society of Chemistry 2009 Journal of materials chemistry Vol.19 No.10
<P>A new, well-defined diblock copolymer (P3HT-<I>b</I>-C<SUB>60</SUB>) based on regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and fullerene was synthesized. First, regioregular P3HT was synthesized through Grignard metathesis polymerization, and then methyl methacrylate (MMA) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) were copolymerized by using an end-functionalized P3HT as a macroinitiator for the atom transfer radical polymerization to yield a diblock copolymer (P3HT-<I>b</I>-P(MMA-<I>r</I>-HEMA)). A fullerene derivative functionalized with carboxylic acid, [6,6]-phenyl-C<SUB>61</SUB>-butyric acid (PCBA), was then chemically linked to the HEMA unit in the second block (P(MMA-<I>r</I>-HEMA)) to produce a diblock copolymer with the second block containing fullerenes. Annealing thin films of the copolymer revealed nanometer-scale phase separation, a more suitable morphology for enabling excitons generated in the P3HT domain to more efficiently reach the donor–acceptor interface, relative to simple blends of P3HT and C<SUB>60</SUB>. As a result, photoluminescence of the P3HT-<I>b</I>-C<SUB>60</SUB> diblock copolymer in the films showed a complete quenching of photoluminescence of P3HT, which is indicative of charge transfer between P3HT and fullerene.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>A new, well-defined diblock copolymer (P3HT-<I>b</I>-C<SUB>60</SUB>) based on regioregular P3HT and fullerene showed phase separation on a nanometer scale, which allows the excitons generated in the P3HT domain to reach the donor–acceptor interface more efficiently. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=b813368a'> </P>
Lee, Jea Uk,Jung, Jae Woong,Emrick, Todd,Russell, Thomas P.,Jo, Won Ho Royal Society of Chemistry 2010 Journal of materials chemistry Vol.20 No.16
<P>A new C<SUB>60</SUB>-end capped poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT-C<SUB>60</SUB>) was synthesized <I>via</I> a simple three-step process, and used as a compatibilizer for P3HT/PCBM composite for the purpose of controlling the morphology of P3HT/PCBM composite film, and thus improving the long-term thermal stability of solar cell performance. When a small amount of P3HT-C<SUB>60</SUB> was added to P3HT/PCBM, the bicontinuous and nanometre-scale film morphology was developed and preserved for 2 h of annealing at 150 °C. Furthermore, the addition of P3HT-C<SUB>60</SUB> as a compatibilizer suppressed large-scale phase separation of P3HT/PCBM composite even after prolonged annealing time (8 days), and as a result, the P3HT/PCBM/P3HT-C<SUB>60</SUB> bulk heterojunction solar cells exhibited the excellent long-term thermal stability of device performance.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>A new C<SUB>60</SUB>-end capped poly(3-hexylthiophene) was synthesized <I>via</I> a simple three-step process, and used as a compatibilizer for P3HT/PCBM composite for the purpose of controlling the morphology of P3HT/PCBM composite film and thus improving the long-term thermal stability of solar cell performance. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=b923752f'> </P>
Lee, Jea Uk,Jung, Jae Woong,Emrick, Todd,Russell, Thomas P,Jo, Won Ho IOP Pub 2010 Nanotechnology Vol.21 No.10
<P>A well defined diblock copolymer (P3HT-<I>b</I>-C<SUB>60</SUB>) based on regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) was synthesized via two controlled polymerization steps and used as a compatibilizer for the P3HT/PCBM blend, which has widely been used as an active layer in bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells. The addition of a small amount of P3HT-<I>b</I>-C<SUB>60</SUB> results in not only the reduction of phase size of P3HT/PCBM blend but also the suppression of macrophase separation for long-time thermal annealing owing to the preferential location of the diblock copolymers at the interface between P3HT and PCBM phases. The morphology change with the annealing time is closely related to the change of the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of solar cells: the PCE of P3HT/PCBM greatly decreases with increasing annealing time while the addition of P3HT-<I>b</I>-C<SUB>60</SUB> significantly reduces the decrease of PCE for long-time thermal annealing. </P>
Guided Assemblies of Ferritin Nanocages: Highly Ordered Arrays of Monodisperse Nanoscopic Elements
Hu, Yunxia,Chen, Dian,Park, Soojin,Emrick, Todd,Russell, Thomas P. WILEY-VCH Verlag 2010 Advanced Materials Vol.22 No.23
<B>Graphic Abstract</B> <P>High-density arrays of highly ordered ferritin nanocages are fabricated through the guided assembly of thiol-modified ferritin on prepatterned gold nanodots, which are prepared by block copolymer micelle lithography. One and only one ferritin nanocage is anchored to each gold nanodot, as confirmed by scanning electron and scanning force microscopy. <img src='wiley_img_2010/09359648-2010-22-23-ADMA200903578-content.gif' alt='wiley_img_2010/09359648-2010-22-23-ADMA200903578-content'> </P>
Assembly of P3HT/CdSe nanowire networks in an insulating polymer host
Heo, Kyuyoung,Miesch, Caroline,Na, Jun-Hee,Emrick, Todd,Hayward, Ryan C. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 Soft matter Vol.14 No.25
<P>Nanoparticles may act as compatibilizing agents for blending of immiscible polymers, leading to changes in blend morphology through a variety of mechanisms including interfacial adsorption, aggregation, and nucleation of polymer crystals. Herein, we report an approach to define highly structured donor/acceptor networks based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and CdSe quantum dots (QDs) by demixing from an insulating polystyrene (PS) matrix. The incorporation of QDs led to laterally phase-separated co-continuous structures with sub-micrometer dimensions, and promoted crystallization of P3HT, yielding highly interconnected P3HT/QD hybrid nanowires embedded in the polymer matrix. These nanohybrid materials formed by controlling phase separation, interfacial activity, and crystallization within ternary donor/acceptor/insulator blends, offer attractive morphologies for potential use in optoelectronics.</P>
Functional polymers for growth and stabilization of CsPbBr<sub>3</sub> perovskite nanoparticles
Kim, Hyunki,So, Soonyong,Ribbe, Alexander,Liu, Yao,Hu, Weiguo,Duzhko, Volodimyr V.,Hayward, Ryan C.,Emrick, Todd The Royal Society of Chemistry 2019 Chemical communications Vol.55 No.12
<P>We introduce an approach to synthesize polymer-stabilized CsPbBr3 perovskite nanoparticles (NPs) using ammonium bromide-functionalized polymers as both bromide precursors and stabilizing ligands. The polymer-passivated NPs exhibit significant advantages over conventional perovskite NPs owing to their facile dispersion in polymer matrices and enhanced optoelectronic stability.</P>
Water Processable Polythiophene Nanowires by Photo-Cross-Linking and Click-Functionalization
Kim, Hyeong Jun,Skinner, Matthew,Yu, Hojeong,Oh, Joon Hak,Briseno, Alejandro L.,Emrick, Todd,Kim, Bumjoon J.,Hayward, Ryan C. American Chemical Society 2015 NANO LETTERS Vol.15 No.9
<P>Replacing or minimizing the use of halogenated organic solvents in the processing and manufacturing of conjugated polymer-based organic electronics has emerged as an important issue due to concerns regarding toxicity, environmental impact, and high cost. To date, however, the processing of well-ordered conjugated polymer nanostructures has been difficult to achieve using environmentally benign solvents. In this work, we report the development of water and alcohol processable nanowires (NWs) with well-defined crystalline nanostructure based on the solution assembly of azide functionalized poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT-azide) and subsequent photo-cross-linking and functionalization of these NWs. The solution-assembled P3HT-azide NWs were successfully cross-linked by exposure to UV light, yielding good thermal and chemical stability. Residual azide units on the photo-cross-linked NWs were then functionalized with alkyne terminated polyethylene glycol (PEG–alkyne) using copper catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition chemistry. PEG functionalization of the cross-linked P3HT-azide NWs allowed for stable dispersion in alcohols and water, while maintaining well-ordered NW structures with electronic properties suitable for the fabrication of organic field effect transistors (OFETs).</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/nalefd/2015/nalefd.2015.15.issue-9/acs.nanolett.5b01185/production/images/medium/nl-2015-01185b_0006.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/nl5b01185'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>