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        Advanced Therapeutic Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in Children – Today and Tomorrow

        Zaheer Nabi,Duvvur Nageshwar Reddy 대한소화기내시경학회 2018 Clinical Endoscopy Vol.51 No.2

        Gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy plays an indispensable role in the diagnosis and management of various pediatric GI disorders. Whilethe pace of development of pediatric GI endoscopy has increased over the years, it remains sluggish compared to the advancements inGI endoscopic interventions available in adults. The predominant reasons that explain this observation include lack of formal trainingcourses in advanced pediatric GI interventions, economic constraints in establishing a pediatric endoscopy unit, and unavailability ofpediatric-specific devices and accessories. However, the situation is changing and more pediatric GI specialists are now performingcomplex GI procedures such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic ultrasonography for variouspancreatico-biliary diseases and more recently, per-oral endoscopic myotomy for achalasia cardia. Endoscopic procedures are associatedwith reduced morbidity and mortality compared to open surgery for GI disorders. Notable examples include chronic pancreatitis,pancreatic fluid collections, various biliary diseases, and achalasia cardia for which previously open surgery was the treatment modalityof choice. A solid body of evidence supports the safety and efficacy of endoscopic management in adults. However, additions continueto be made to literature describing the pediatric population. An important consideration in children includes size of children, which inturn determines the selection of endoscopes and type of sedation that can be used for the procedure.

      • KCI등재

        Submucosal endoscopy: the present and future

        Zaheer Nabi,Duvvur Nageshwar Reddy 대한소화기내시경학회 2023 Clinical Endoscopy Vol.56 No.1

        Submucosal endoscopy or third-space endoscopy utilizes the potential space between the mucosal and muscularis layers of the gastrointestinaltract to execute therapeutic interventions for various diseases. Over the last decade, endoscopic access to the submucosalspace has revolutionized the field of therapeutic endoscopy. Submucosal endoscopy was originally used to perform endoscopic myotomyin patients with achalasia cardia, and its use has grown exponentially since. Currently, submucosal endoscopy is widely used to resectsubepithelial tumors and to manage refractory gastroparesis and Zenker’s diverticulum. While the utility of submucosal endoscopyhas stood the test of time in esophageal motility disorders and subepithelial tumors, its durability remains to be established in conditionssuch as Zenker’s diverticulum and refractory gastroparesis. Other emerging indications for submucosal endoscopy include esophagealepiphrenic diverticulum, Hirschsprung’s disease, and esophageal strictures not amenable to conventional endoscopic treatment. The potential of submucosal endoscopy to provide easy and safe access to the mediastinum and peritoneal spaces may open doors tonovel indications and rejuvenate the interest of endoscopists in natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery in the future. This reviewfocuses on the current spectrum, recent updates, and future direction of submucosal endoscopy in the gastrointestinal tract.

      • KCI등재

        Management of Pancreatic Calculi: An Update

        ( Manu Tandan ),( Rupjyoti Talukdar ),( Duvvur Nageshwar Reddy ) 대한소화기학회 2016 Gut and Liver Vol.10 No.6

        Pancreatolithiasis, or pancreatic calculi (PC), is a sequel of chronic pancreatitis (CP) and may occur in the main ducts, side branches or parenchyma. Calculi are the end result, irrespective of the etiology of CP. PC contains an inner nidus surrounded by successive layers of calcium carbonate. These calculi obstruct the pancreatic ducts and produce ductal hypertension, which leads to pain, the cardinal feature of CP. Both endoscopic therapy and surgery aim to clear these calculi and decrease ductal hypertension. In small PC, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) followed by sphincterotomy and extraction is the treatment of choice. Large calculi require fragmentation by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) prior to their extraction or spontaneous expulsion. In properly selected cases, ESWL followed by ERCP is the standard of care for the management of large PC. Long-term outcomes following ESWL have demonstrated good pain relief in approximately 60% of patients. However, ESWL has limitations. Per oral pancreatoscopy and intraductal lithotripsy represent techniques in evolution, and in current practice their use is limited to centers with considerable expertise. Surgery should be offered to all patients with extensive PC, associated multiple ductal strictures or following failed endotherapy. (Gut Liver 2016;10:873-880)

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