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부지특이적 토양생태위해성평가를 위한 생태위해지수 산정기법 비교연구
김도경(Dokyung Kim),곽진일(Jin Il Kwak),최영설(Rongxue Cui),김리아(Lia Kim),이태양(Tae Yang Lee),김해미(Haemi Kim),안윤주(Youn-Joo An) 대한환경공학회 2022 대한환경공학회지 Vol.44 No.11
목적 : 토양환경에 존재하는 오염물질의 위해성은 토양의 특성과 기능, 그리고 환경조건 등에 따라 달라질 수 있으므로 부지특이적 특성을 반영하는 것이 필수적이다. 국제표준안 및 국외 생태위해성평가 지침에서는 자국 실정에 적합한 위해성평가 기법을 통하여 부지특이적 토양생태위해성평가를 수행하도록 제안하고 있다. 그러나 국내의 경우 부지특이적 생태위해성평가 제도 도입 기반이 부족한 실정이므로 국내 실정에 맞는 생태위해성평가 기법이 요구된다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 부지특이적 생태위해성을 반영할 수 있는 인자를 스크리닝하여 국내형 생태위해성평가 기법 개발의 방향성을 제안하는 것을 목표로 하였다. 방법 : 기존 문헌에서 제안 및 활용된 생태위해지수를 분석하고 각 인자에 대한 산정 방법을 설명하였다. 조사된 생태위해지수는 화학적 평가, 독성학적 평가, 그리고 통합적 평가를 기반으로 한 인자로 분류되었다. 결과 및 토의 : 화학적 평가 기반 인자의 경우 신속한 오염도 산정이 가능하나 토양특성을 반영하기 어렵고 생태수용체와의 연관성을 나타낼 수 없다는 한계점이 존재한다. 독성학적 평가 기반 인자는 생태수용체에 대한 영향을 바탕으로 위해도를 산정할 수 있으나 현장 내에서 실험이 이루어지지 않기 때문에 대상부지의 환경조건 등을 재현하기 어렵다는 제한점이 있다. 통합적 평가 기반 인자는 화학적 평가, 독성학적 평가와 함께 대상부지에 대한 생태학적 평가를 수행하여 오염도를 정량화하고 생태수용체의 취약성, 부지특이성 등을 반영함으로써 생태위해도를 나타낸다. 결론 : 국내형 부지특이적 생태위해성평가 기법은 현장 토양의 오염도와 함께 생태수용체 및 생태학적 특성 등을 포괄하는 통합적 평가기반 위해지수를 기반으로 마련되어야 한다. Objectives : Since the risk of pollutants in soil environment may vary depending on the characteristics, functions, and environmental conditions of the soil, the site-specific soil ecological risk assessment (SERA) should be conducted to protect soil ecosystem from pollutants. It has been confirmed that each country is conducting SERAs based on site-specific guidelines suitable for their own conditions. However, in Korea, there is a lack of basis for introducing SERA, therefore, the development of techniques for SERA which is suitable for domestic soil conditions is required. Accordingly, this study aimed to propose the direction of domestic guideline for SERA. Methods : This study investigated and analyzed the ecological risk indices for SERA. The factors were classified the ecological risk indices based on chemical, toxicological, and integrated evaluations. Results and Discussion : For the chemical indices, they have limitations that it is difficult to reflect soil characteristics and cannot indicate a relation with ecological receptors, although they can calculate contamination level rapidly. The toxicological indices can calculate the effect of pollutions on ecological receptors. However, there are also limitations that it is difficult to reproduce environmental conditions for target site. While the integrated indices require the ecological assessment along with chemical, toxicological analysis. They are found to quantify complex contaminations with reflecting site-specific characteristics of soils and ecological receptors. Conclusion : The techniques for domestic site-specific SERA should be based on the indices for integrated assessment.
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김도경(Kim Dokyung) 법무부 국제법무정책과 2012 통상법률 Vol.- No.106
It has been known that the arbitration by ICSID is the most effective alternative dispute resolution method in the area of the Investor-State dispute. Further there has been many ICSID arbitration awards by far. No award has been rendered to Korea by ICSID until now; provided, that, a recent argument between Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade and a media with respect to the subway 9 whether it could be subject to ICSID arbitration. The practitioners mostly concern that whether the dispute could be subject to ICSID arbitration; the effectiveness of ICSID arbitration award's enforcement. In those respects, this article firstly researched the “investment” concept under the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States which is subject to ICSID arbitration; reviewed various opinions about the “investment” concept; and thereafter opine the “investment” based on above research and review. Secondly, with respect to the effectiveness of ICSID arbitration, this article reviewed and provided opinions as followings: the first, researched and reviewed whether ICSID arbitration award under Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States is better than arbitration award which is subject to the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards; secondly, reviewed and provided opinions about the interpretation of Article 54 (3) of Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States (i.e., Execution of the award shall be governed by the laws concerning the execution of judgments in force in the State in whose territories such execution is sought); thirdly, reviewed and provided opinions regarding the execution of ICSID arbitration awards in Korea; lastly, reviewed whether ICSID arbiration award can be effectively executed in the dependent State or the dependent State's assets located in the other States with the issue of sovereign immunity.
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Depuration patterns of microfibers using Daphnia magna
Dokyung Kim(김도경),Haemi Kim(김해미),Youn-Joo An(안윤주) 환경독성보건학회 2021 한국독성학회 심포지움 및 학술발표회 Vol.2021 No.5
Microfibers, one of the types of microplastics, can be classified as synthetic and natural fibers. We aimed to conduct acute assays for microfibers on Daphnia magna and compared the patterns of depuration. Two types of synthetic microfibers (polyester; PET and polypropylene; PP) and one type of natural microfibers (lyocell) were used. D. magna were exposed to 1000 mg/L of microfibers for 48 h, and after that, were transferred into clean medium to observe depuration for 48 h. As results, the depuration rate were found to be different depending on microfibers types, in order of PP, lyocell, and PET groups. Meanwhile, the mortality rate in depuration periods was the highest in the lyocell and PET groups. Based on these results, we confirmed that natural fibers, as well as synthetic fibers, can also adversely affect aquatic organisms. Our findings show that microfibers can affect depuration patterns, as well as lethal effects. This study demonstrates the need to deal with them significantly in subsequent studies.
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김도경(Kim, Dokyung) 법무부 국제법무정책과 2023 통상법률 Vol.- No.161
International arbitration procedures for investor-state dispute (ISDS) cases take a long time and consume a lot of money. Still, problems exist, such as inconsistent arbitral awards being maintained and criticism about whether the tribunals composition is appropriate. Replacing the arbitration process through a permanent investment court is a challenging alternative in reality, and resolving investment disputes between investors and the state through mediation procedures can be a realistic supplement to international arbitration. According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), approximately 20% of ISDS cases are resolved through settlement agreements shows the possibility of mediation. The governing rules for resolving ISDS cases include the International Bar Associations Rule for Investor-State Mediation, the UNCITRAL Mediation Rules adopted by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), and an ICSID mediation rule. There are also cases where mediation rules are stipulated in bilateral treaties (European Union-Singapore Investment Protection Agreement, etc.). In this paper, I looked at the contents worth referring to among the mediation rules contained in the bilateral treaty. Meanwhile, in ISDS cases, several obstacles make it difficult for the state to respond to mediation. Such obstacles include problems with the entity that will exercise mediation authority on behalf of the state, problems securing the budget, problems with communication between state agencies, problems with the appropriateness of exercising authority, psychological problems, problems with execution in case of non-compliance with the mediation and reconciliation agreement, etc. Regarding the possibility of mediation, referring to the analysis criteria for mediation suitability in the draft UNCITRAL guidelines on investment mediation prepared by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL Working Group III) is necessary. In addition, among the ISDS incidents that our country has experienced, such as the Dayani incident, it appears worth attempting mediation in cases where there is no national financial expenditure, so we reviewed the incident in detail. Lastly, to increase the possibility of mediation in ISDS cases, it is necessary to include a mandatory mediation clause in the dispute resolution clause of the bilateral agreement that requires mediation to be attempted during the cooling-off period at the beginning of the case.
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김도경 ( Dokyung Kim ),이희옥 ( Heeok Lee ) 성균관대학교 성균중국연구소 2020 중국사회과학논총 Vol.2 No.1
중국의 스마트 시티는 네 가지 서로 다른 층위를 아우르고 있다. 도시 문제의 해결, 사회 거버넌스, 친 환경 도시, 도시 개발이 그것이다. 이 중에서 친 환경 도시나 도시 개발은 수사적이라고 할 수 있다. 즉 이전에 친 환경이나 도시 개발을 논의했던 내용이 지금은 스마트 시티라는 이름으로 다시 거론되고 있다. 그러나 어떤 부분은 스마트 시티의 변화를 가리키고 있다. 이 글은 그 양상을 스마트 시티의 운용 논리라는 말로 제시하려 한다. 네 가지가 핵심적이다. 첫째, 현실 세계가 모두 디지털 정보로 바뀌어야 한다. 둘째, 다양한 디지털 정보를 한 데 모아 종합적으로 분석할 수 있는 컨트롤 타워가 있어야 한다. 셋째, 디지털 정보가 가장 핵심적인 자원이다. 넷째, 가능한 많은 디지털 정보를 확보해야 한다는 점에서 정부와 기업 간의 협력이 필연적이다. 결과적으로 이러한 운용 논리는 새로운 가치 체계의 형성으로 이어진다. 노동이나 시공간, 민주주의, 복지 등의 개념이 새롭게 재정의 될 수 있다. China’s “Smart Cities” has four main aspects: the solution of city problem, social governance, eco-city, and urban development. Some of these are rhetorical, for example eco-city and urban development, in that previous city-related discussions have a new name, “smart cities.” However, some could be suitable for “smart cities.” This paper tries to put it in the term of “operational logic of China’s smart cities.” There are four key points. First, the real world should be transformed into digital information; Second, there should be a control tower that can comprehensively handle digital information; third, digital information should be used as a key resource; fourth, the government and businesses should work together to secure a lot of digital information. As a result, this operational logic may relate to the emergence of a new value system. Concepts such as labor, time and space, democracy, and welfare can be newly defined.
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