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Good Arabic : Ability and Ideology in the Egyptian Arabic Speech Community
Parkinson, Dilworth B. 서울대학교 어학연구소 1992 語學硏究 Vol.28 No.2
This paper reports on the results of research conducted in Cairo, Egypt, on the abilities of native speakers of Arabic with their standard language. While it is assumed that most speakers control their own colloquial dialect perfectly, the results of a grammar test administered to more than 150 subjects of various ages, both sexes, and various levels of education indicate that while there are some aspects of the grammar that are apparently learned well by all, there are many common difficult constructions that are controlled by only a small minority. Subjects also consistently scored better on the multiple choice items than on corresponding items in a production test. Reading, writing, listening and speaking tests (all based on the proficiency testing model) were also administered to these same subjects. Results indicate that average educated subjects are proficient readers and listeners (the receptive skills), but are deficient speakers and writers (the productive skills). A discussion of an appropriate model for analyzing the social position of Standard Arabic ensues, and the results of an set of surveys are presented that throw light on how Egyptians view this language. The paper concludes that Egyptians have not yet made up their minds to agree on exactly what "good" Arabic is, and suggests that what "good" Arabic ultimately comes to be for these people will be a result of the clash of the incompatible views of it which they currently hold.
Lowell L. Dilworth,Dewayne Stennett,Felix O. Omoruyi 한국식품영양과학회 2020 Journal of medicinal food Vol.23 No.7
Oxidative stress is initiated by reactive oxygen species, the primary factor in many chronic diseases. Moringa oleifera possesses strong antioxidant properties due to the presence of various phytochemicals. In this study, we investigated the effect of M. oleifera leaf extract on markers of oxidative stress in HL60 cells exposed to oxidative stress. HL60 cells were incubated with different concentrations of M. oleifera leaf extract, and cells were harvested for viability assays on days 1, 2, and 3. Antioxidant indexes (malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase) were measured on days 1, 2, and 3. Supplementation with the moringa leaf extract at all concentrations resulted in significant reductions in lipid peroxidation in cells that were or were not incubated in an environment with excess oxidative stress. The most significant reduction in this parameter occurred after 24 h of incubation. The results show that reductions seen in this parameter may be due to the modulation of the endogenous antioxidant defense system by extract supplementation. Cell viability was also improved in cells incubated in moringa leaf extract at concentrations of 800 and 1000 μg/mL. This finding, however, did not corroborate with lipid peroxidation results at 1000 μg/mL extract supplementation. Further investigations are needed to clarify the underlying mechanism responsible for increased cell viability at this concentration. We can, therefore, conclude that the moringa leaf extract offered added protection from oxidative stress within the first 24 h, as well as increasing cell viability at certain concentrations.
A KAP1 phosphorylation switch controls MyoD function during skeletal muscle differentiation
Singh, Kulwant,Cassano, Marco,Planet, Evarist,Sebastian, Soji,Jang, Suk Min,Sohi, Gurjeev,Faralli, Hervé,Choi, Jinmi,Youn, Hong-Duk,Dilworth, F. Jeffrey,Trono, Didier Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press 2015 Genes & development Vol.29 No.5
<P>The transcriptional activator MyoD serves as a master controller of myogenesis. Singh et al. identify KAP1/TRIM28 as a key regulator of MyoD function. In myoblasts, KAP1 is present with MyoD and Mef2 at many muscle genes, where it acts as a scaffold to recruit not only coactivators such as p300 and LSD1 but also corepressors such as G9a and HDAC1, with promoter silencing as the net outcome. Upon differentiation, MSK1-mediated phosphorylation of KAP1 releases the corepressors from the scaffold, unleashing transcriptional activation by MyoD/Mef2 and their positive cofactors.</P><P>The transcriptional activator MyoD serves as a master controller of myogenesis. Often in partnership with Mef2 (myocyte enhancer factor 2), MyoD binds to the promoters of hundreds of muscle genes in proliferating myoblasts yet activates these targets only upon receiving cues that launch differentiation. What regulates this off/on switch of MyoD function has been incompletely understood, although it is known to reflect the action of chromatin modifiers. Here, we identify KAP1 (KRAB [Kréééüppel-like associated box]-associated protein 1)/TRIM28 (tripartite motif protein 28) as a key regulator of MyoD function. In myoblasts, KAP1 is present with MyoD and Mef2 at many muscle genes, where it acts as a scaffold to recruit not only coactivators such as p300 and LSD1 but also corepressors such as G9a and HDAC1 (histone deacetylase 1), with promoter silencing as the net outcome. Upon differentiation, MSK1-mediated phosphorylation of KAP1 releases the corepressors from the scaffold, unleashing transcriptional activation by MyoD/Mef2 and their positive cofactors. Thus, our results reveal KAP1 as a previously unappreciated interpreter of cell signaling, which modulates the ability of MyoD to drive myogenesis.</P>