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Intracellular pathogens go extreme: genome evolution in the Rickettsiales
Darby, A.C.,Cho, N.H.,Fuxelius, H.H.,Westberg, J.,Andersson, S.G.E. Elsevier Science Publishers (Biomedical Division) 2007 Trends in genetics Vol.23 No.10
The Rickettsiales, a genetically diverse group of the α-Proteobacteria, include major mammalian pathogens, such as the agents of epidemic typhus, scrub typhus, ehrlichioses and heartwater disease. Sequenced genomes of this bacterial order have provided exciting insights into reductive genome evolution, antigenic variation and host cell manipulation. Recent results suggest that human pathogens emerged relatively late in the evolution of the Rickettsiales. Surprisingly, there is no association between pathogenicity and the acquisition of novel virulence genes. Here, we explore the genomic differences between members of the Rickettsiales and ask what are the changes that enable infectious agents to emerge from seemingly harmless bacteria.
Antony Darby,James Brownjohn,Erfan Shahabpoor,Kaveh Heshmati Council on Tall Building and Urban Habitat Korea 2022 International journal of high-rise buildings Vol.11 No.4
Current vibration serviceability assessment criteria for wind-induced vibrations in tall buildings are based largely on human 'perception' thresholds which are shown not to be directly translatable to human 'acceptability' of vibrations. There is also a considerable debate about both the metrics and criteria for vibration acceptability, such as frequency of occurrence or peak vs mean vibration, and how these might vary with the nature of the vibration. Furthermore, the design criteria are necessarily simplified for ease of application so cannot account for a range of environmental, situational and human factors that may enhance or diminish the impact of vibrations on serviceability. The dual-site VSimulators facility was created specifically to provide an experimental platform to address gaps in understanding of human response to building vibration. This paper considers how VSimulators can be used to inform general design guidance and support design of specific buildings for habitability, in terms of vibration, which allow engineers and clients to make informed decisions with regard to sustainable design, in terms of energy and financial cost. This paper first provides a brief overview of current vibration serviceability assessment guidelines, and the current understanding and limitations of occupants' acceptability of wind-induced motion in tall buildings. It then describes how the dual-site VSimulators facility at the Universities of Bath and Exeter can be used to assess the effects of motion and environment on human comfort, wellbeing and productivity with examples of how the facility capabilities have been used to provide new, human experience based experimental research approaches.
Development and characterization of PET/Fish Gelatin–nanoclay composite/LDPE laminate
Bae, Ho J.,Park, Hyun J.,Darby, Duncan O.,Kimmel, Robert M.,Whiteside, William S. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. 2009 Packaging technology & science Vol.22 No.7
<P>A three-layer laminate film was developed with the following structure: polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/fish gelatin (FG)–nanoclay composite/low-density polyethylene (LDPE). The FG–nanoclay composite material functioned as the oxygen barrier layer and demonstrated comparable oxygen barrier properties when compared with a similar laminate utilizing ethylene vinyl alcohol as the barrier layer at a relative humidity (RH) of up to 50%. The introduction of nanometer-sized filler clay into the FG matrix lowered the oxygen permeability (OP) because of the tortuosity effect of the clay particles. In addition, the FG–nanoclay composite film exhibited bond strengths similar to both LDPE and PET. The hydrophilic nature of FG significantly increases OP under high (>50%) RH conditions. However, this new FG laminate film could be a possible alternative for packaging designers desiring a more sustainable packaging material for low-RH (<50%) applications. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</P>
Kansara, Kunal D.,Ibell, Tim J.,Darby, Antony P.,Evernden, Mark Korea Concrete Institute 2010 International Journal of Concrete Structures and M Vol.4 No.1
This paper presents the influence of various flexural strengthening design criteria specified by three important design guidelines (ACI440, TR55, FIB14) on the resulting strength, ductility and conservativeness of FRP strengthened RC elements. Various generalised mathematical relations in non-dimensional form are presented that can be employed to develop design aids for the FRP-strengthening process. A design methodology is prescribed based on these equations enabling the designer to optimally and intuitively incorporate sufficient ductility while designing for strength. In order to better interpret conservativeness within design codes, four distinct levels of embedded conservativeness are identified, which cover the entire range of sources of conservativeness. Finally, a detailed parametric study is presented, using the proposed design equations and methodology, to determine the influence of each of these four levels of conservativeness on final design solutions. Specific criteria that are useful while calibrating design guidelines are also presented.
Kunal D. Kansara,Tim J. Ibell,Antony P. Darby,Mark Evernden 한국콘크리트학회 2010 International Journal of Concrete Structures and M Vol.4 No.1
This paper presents the influence of various flexural strengthening design criteria specified by three important design guidelines (ACI440, TR55, FIB14) on the resulting strength, ductility and conservativeness of FRP strengthened RC elements. Various generalised mathematical relations in non-dimensional form are presented that can be employed to develop design aids for the FRP-strengthening process. A design methodology is prescribed based on these equations enabling the designer to optimally and intuitively incorporate sufficient ductility while designing for strength. In order to better interpret conservativeness within design codes, four distinct levels of embedded conservativeness are identified, which cover the entire range of sources of conservativeness. Finally, a detailed parametric study is presented, using the proposed design equations and methodology, to determine the influence of each of these four levels of conservativeness on final design solutions. Specific criteria that are useful while calibrating design guidelines are also presented.
Bae, H.J.,Park, H.J.,Hong, S.I.,Byun, Y.J.,Darby, D.O.,Kimmel, R.M.,Whiteside, W.S. Academic Press, etc 2009 FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY -ZURICH- Vol.42 No.6
The effect of clay content, homogenization RPM, and pH on the mechanical and barrier properties of fish gelatin/nanoclay composite films was investigated. The addition of 5% nanoclay (w/w) increased the tensile strength from 30.31+/-2.37MPa to 40.71+/-3.30MPa. The 9g clay/100g gelatin film exhibited the largest improvements in oxygen and water barrier properties. Oxygen permeability decreased from 402.8x10<SUP>-6</SUP>+/-0.7x10<SUP>-6</SUP>gm/m<SUP>2</SUP>dayatm to 114.4x10<SUP>-6</SUP>+/-16.2x10<SUP>-6</SUP> gm/m<SUP>2</SUP>dayatm and the water vapor permeability decreased from 31.2x10<SUP>-3</SUP>+/-1.6x10<SUP>-3</SUP> ngm/m<SUP>2</SUP>sPa to 8.1x10<SUP>-3</SUP>+/-0.1x10<SUP>-3</SUP> ngm/m<SUP>2</SUP>sPa. The XRD and TEM observation suggested that the ultrasonication treatment (30min at 40% output) resulted in exfoliation of the silicates.
Cho, N.-H.,Kim, H.-R.,Lee, J.-H.,Kim, S.-Y.,Kim, J.,Cha, S.,Kim, S.-Y.,Darby, A. C.,Fuxelius, H.-H.,Yin, J.,Kim, J. H.,Kim, J.,Lee, S. J.,Koh, Y.-S.,Jang, W.-J.,Park, K.-H.,Andersson, S. G. E.,Choi, M Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2007 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.104 No.19