Seeking a Better Place : Sustainability in the CPG Industry

Molly Inhofe Rapert,Christopher Newman,Seong-Yeon Park,Eun Mi Lee 한국마케팅과학회 2010 마케팅과학연구 Vol.20 No.2

“?我?而言,成?一名??的公民和一?成功的事?之??有??......他??今天的沃??是完全一?的。”Lee Scott, 沃??的CEO在2005年?崔琳娜????之后(Esty and Winston 2006) Lee Scott的?明?志着可持??展的一?新的?代。作?一?被全球生?商和零?商所?注的全世界最大?模的??商??了他?的可持??展的意?。近十年?,?保??不?增?,??展到全世界。公司已??生,?品已被?造,??期刊已?展?,政府已?承?――所有?一切都在追求可持??展(Peattie and Crane 2005)。?然?展的?比一些人渴望的慢了一些,但是?多大?模的??商已???保做出了可持??展的努力。?了更好的理解????我?同?提供高管和消?者??的有包?的消?品??的角度。?硏究依?于三??在主?:(1)?念和?据表明,公司??多理由?行可持??展(2)在有包?的消?品行?中,可持??展活?的?量在持?增?(3),因此,必?探索可持??展在消?者意?中起的作用。根据?些主?,143名大?生和101名企?高管?加了?????一系列的有?可持??展的?量包括愿意支付,行?意?,?度和偏好。?果?示高?管理者相信可持??展的三?最主要的原因是(1)盈利能力的机?;(2)以????境的??;(3)??客和股???。大?生的三大原因:(1)??境的?任;(2)?子?后代??,和(3):一?有效的管理?源。?然企?高管和大?生?支持可持??展的理由不同,但是企?高管和消?者的?告?示了?剩下大部分的可持??展??的相似性。?外,?我?要求消?者去??6?????的重要性?(??保健、??、?育、犯罪、政府支出、和?境),保??境?排在第四位 (Carlson 2005)。?6???都被??是重要的,三?最重要的是(1)改善?育;(2)本地?的???展,以及(3)?生保健。?了可持??展的持?性,我?也??期?果。反映社?、企?利益表?的新定?和?行期的延?同?被揭示出?(Ehrenfeld 2005; Hitchcock and Willard 2006)。基于文?我???了三?基本范?的?果:(1)改??成的?意度,(2)分化的机?,以及(3)金融??。在每一?分?中, 我????可持??展活?中?致11?不同?果的??特定的?果。我?的???果表明,最有可能的?果最高的前五?依序?公司的可持??展追求的是:(1)?色的消?者??更令人?意;(2)公司形象?更好,(3)公司的?任?得到加强,(4)?降低能源成本;(5)?品??更多的?新。?外,?更好的理解消?者的?境“身?”和在市???中愿意?示出??“身?”的有趣的交集,我??展了以前Experian Research(2008) 的硏究。因此,受?者分?四?不同?型的?色消?者(行??色,想法?色,? For us, there is virtually no distinction between being a responsible citizen and a successful business… they are one and the same for Wal-Mart today.” ~ Lee Scott, Wal-Mart CEO after the 2005 Katrina disaster; cited in Green to Gold (Esty and Winston 2006). Lee Scott’s statement signaled a new era in sustainability as manufacturers and retailers around the globe watched the world’s largest mass merchandiser confirm its intentions with respect to sustainability. For decades, the environmental movement has grown, slowly bleeding over into the corporate world. Companies have been born, products have been created, academic journals have been launched, and government initiatives have been undertaken ? all in the pursuit of sustainability (Peattie and Crane 2005). While progress has been admittedly slower than some may desire, the emergence and entrance of environmentally concerned mass merchandisers has done much to help with sustainable efforts. To better understand this movement, we incorporate the perspectives of both executives and consumers involved in the consumer packaged goods (CPG) industry. This research relies on three underlying themes: (1) Conceptual and anecdotal evidence suggests that companies undertake sustainability initiatives for a plethora of reasons, (2) The number of sustainability initiatives continues to increase in the consumer packaged goods industries, and (3) That it is, therefore, necessary to explore the role that sustainability plays in the minds of consumers. In light of these themes, surveys were administered to and completed by 143 college students and 101 business executives to assess a number of variables in regards to sustainability including willingness-to-pay, behavioral intentions, attitudes, willingness-to-pay, and preferences. Survey results indicate that the top three reasons why executives believe sustainability to be important include (1) the opportunity for profitability, (2) the fulfillment of an obligation to the environment, and (3) a responsibility to customers and shareholders. College students identified the top three reasons as (1) a responsibility to the environment, (2) an indebtedness to future generations, and (3) an effective management of resources. While the rationale for supporting sustainability efforts differed between college students and executives, the executives and consumers reported similar responses for the majority of the remaining sustainability issues. Furthermore, when we asked consumers to assess the importance of six key issues (healthcare, economy, education, crime, government spending, and environment) previously identified as important to consumers by Gallup Poll, protecting the environment only ranked fourth out of the six (Carlson 2005). While all six of these issues were identified as important, the top three that emerged as most important were (1) improvements in education, (2) the economy, and (3) health care. As the pursuit and incorporation of sustainability continues to evolve, so too will the expected outcomes. New definitions of performance that reflect the social/business benefits as well as the lengthened implementation period are relevant and warranted (Ehrenfeld 2005; Hitchcock and Willard 2006). We identified three primary categories of outcomes based on a literature review of both anecdotal and conceptual expectations of sustainability: (1) improvements in constituent satisfaction, (2) differentiation opportunities, and (3) financial rewards. Within each of these categories, several specific outcomes were identified resulting in eleven different outcomes arising from sustainability initiatives. Our survey results indicate that the top five most likely outcomes for companies that pursue sustainability are: (1) green consumers will be more satisfied, (2) company image will be better, (3) corporate responsibility will be enhanced, (4) energy costs will be reduced, and (5) products will be more innovative.

Domain epitaxy of crystalline BeO films on GaN and ZnO substrates

Lee, Seung Min,Yum, Jung Hwan,Larsen, Eric S.,Shervin, Shahab,Wang, Weijie,Ryou, Jae‐,Hyun,Bielawski, Christopher W.,Lee, Woo Chul,Kim, Seong Keun,Oh, Jungwoo Wiley Blackwell (Blackwell Publishing) 2019 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY - Vol.102 No.6

Charting the Outer Helmholtz Plane and the Role of Nitrogen Doping in the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Conducted in Alkaline Media Using Nonprecious Metal Catalysts

Lee, Stanfield Youngwon,Chung, Dong Young,Lee, Myeong Jae,Kang, Yun Sik,Shin, Heejong,Kim, Mi-Ju,Bielawski, Christopher W.,Sung, Yung-Eun American Chemical Society 2016 The Journal of Physical Chemistry Part C Vol.120 No.43

<P>This study was focused On elucidating the origin of the catalytic activity displayed by non-precious-metal-based, oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts before and after heat treatment. Electrochemical measurements were recorded using a series of metal phthalocyanines calculated to exhibit varying oxygen adsorption energies before and after heat treatment at a temperature Sufficiently high to facilitate degradation. Collectively, the results indicate that while the oxygen adsorption is germane to the catalytic activity before heat, treatment, the ORR appears to proceed through. a different pathway that is not dependent on adsorption energy after heat treatment. These conclusions help to explain the high catalytic activities exhibited by carbon- or nitrogen-based materials containing metal ions after heat treatment and may lead to the realization of substitutes for ORB. catalysts that utilize precious transition metals.</P>

ACLS Simulation Examination between Korean and American paramedic students

Christopher C. Lee,Tae Min Kim 한국응급구조학회 2009 한국응급구조학회지 Vol.13 No.3

MELANOCYTOMA OF THE OPTIC DISK IN THE KOREAN POPULATION

Lee, Christopher S,Bae, Jeong H,Jeon, Ik H,BYEON, SUK H,KOH, HYOUNG J,Lee, Sung C The Ophthalmic Communications Society, Inc. 2010 Retina Vol.30 No.10

PURPOSE:: To report on the clinical features and the natural course of optic disk melanocytoma in the Korean population. METHODS:: A retrospective review of medical records was performed on 27 consecutive patients with optic disk melanocytoma. In cases with tumor enlargement, surface area and diameter of tumors were measured from fundus images using computer software. RESULTS:: The median age at diagnosis was 46 years with a slight female predominance (63%). The median tumor diameter and height were 3.1 mm and 1.9 mm, respectively. There were no cases with tumor-related visual loss for a median follow-up of 2 years. Tumor enlargement was observed in 4 of 21 patients (19%) that had follow-up of 1 year or more with no malignant transformation. The mean change of tumor surface area was 2.4 mm (52% increase), and the mean change of tumor diameter was 1.8 mm over a mean follow-up of 53 months in 4 cases with tumor growth. Only tumor vascularization on fluorescent angiography correlated with tumor growth (Log-rank test; P = 0.049). Kaplan-Meier survival estimated that the tumor growth was 0% at 1 year, 14% at 5 years, and 57% at 8 years. CONCLUSION:: Optic disk melanocytoma in the Korean population tends to be superiorly located in the optic disk, and visual prognosis was excellent. Periodic ocular examination is warranted because 57% of patients were estimated to show tumor enlargement by 8 years of follow-up.

Atomic-Layer Deposition of Single-Crystalline BeO Epitaxially Grown on GaN Substrates

Lee, Seung Min,Yum, Jung Hwan,Yoon, Seonno,Larsen, Eric S.,Lee, Woo Chul,Kim, Seong Keun,Shervin, Shahab,Wang, Weijie,Ryou, Jae-Hyun,Bielawski, Christopher W.,Oh, Jungwoo American Chemical Society 2017 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.9 No.48

<P>We have grown a single-crystal beryllium oxide (BeO) thin film on a gallium nitride (GaN) substrate by atomic-layer deposition (ALD) for the first time. BeO has a higher thermal conductivity, bandgap energy, and dielectric constant than SiO2. As an electrical insulator, diamond is the only material on earth whose thermal conductivity exceeds that of BeO. Despite these advantages, there is no chemical-vapor-deposition technique for BeO-thin-film deposition, and thus, it is not used in nanoscale-semiconductor-device processing. In this study, the BeO thin films grown on a GaN substrate with a single crystal showed excellent interface and thermal stability. Transmission electron microscopy showed clear diffraction patterns, and the Raman shifts associated with soft phonon modes verified the high thermal conductivity. The X-ray scan confirmed the out-of-plane single-crystal growth direction and the in-plane, 6-fold, symmetrical wurtzite structure. Single-crystalline BeO was grown on GaN despite the large lattice mismatch, which suggested a model that accommodated the strain of hexagonal-on-hexagonal epitaxy with 5/6 and 6/7 domain matching. BeO has a good dielectric constant and good thermal conductivity, bandgap energy, and single-crystal characteristics, so it is suitable for the gate dielectric of power semiconductor devices. The capacitance-voltage (C-V) results of BeO on a GaN-metal-oxide semiconductor exhibited low frequency dispersion, hysteresis, and interface-defect density.</P>

CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY AFTER RENAL TRANSPLANTATION

Lee, Christopher Seungkyu,Kang, Eui Chun,Lee, Kyu Sung,Byeon, Seok Ho,Koh, Hyoung Jun,Lee, Sung Chul The Ophthalmic Communications Society, Inc. 2011 Retina Vol.31 No.9

PURPOSE:: To describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) after renal transplantation (RT). METHODS:: A retrospective medical chart review was performed on 451 among 2,980 patients, who underwent RT and visited vitreoretinal clinic at Yonsei Medical Center from 1979 to 2009. Correlation between daily corticosteroid dosage and remission time and factors relating to final visual acuity of <20/40 were studied. RESULTS:: Twenty-eight patients (39 eyes) developed CSC at a median of 63 months after RT (range, 2 months to 20 years), and 18 (64%) patients were men. Accordingly, the prevalence of CSC after RT was estimated to be between 1% and 6%. All patients received a combination of corticosteroid and at least one other immunosuppressant agent at presentation. Reducing the daily corticosteroid dosage by 25% to 50% in CSC with classic pattern resulted in twice as faster remission (2 months) compared with the maintained dosage group (P = 0.025). Central serous chorioretinopathy recurrence (P = 0.002), intrinsic renal disease as cause of RT (P = 0.003), severe CSC variant (P = 0.009), and presenting visual acuity <20/40 (P = 0.009) predicted a final visual acuity <20/40. CONCLUSION:: Central serous chorioretinopathy develops relatively often after RT and varies in presentation and severity. The cause of CSC after RT appears to be multifactorial and closely related to corticosteroid.

A Framework of Outsourcing Decision-Making for Human Resource Information Systems

Lee, Chung-Shing,Lee, C.Christopher,Kwon, He-Boong 한국경영정보학회 2007 한국경영정보학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2007 No.-

This paper attempts to develop a framework for interrelationships among human resources information systems (HRIS), outsourcing, and corporate culture. This research investigates impacts of outsourcing HRIS on corporate culture. In this paper, we hypothesize that outsourcing corporate HRIS is less appealing (1) if the quality of product and customer service matters for a firm, (2) if a firm is concerned with a loss of intellectual property, and (3) if a firm requires maintenance of a distinctive human resource service function that is capable of meeting the challenges of fast changing customer demands in a dynamic business environment. In addition, this study argues companies must be aware of the total costs associated with HRIS before outsourcing its human resource functions. Finally, the impact on employee morale and performance must also be considered By outsourcing HRIS, managers will be able to spend more time and resources dedicated to an employee's professional career development.

Electrochemical cell lysis device for DNA extraction

Lee, Hun Joo,Kim, Joon-Ho,Lim, Hee Kyun,Cho, Eun Chol,Huh, Nam,Ko, Christopher,Chan Park, Jae,Choi, Jeong-Woo,Lee, Soo Suk Royal Society of Chemistry 2010 Lab on a chip Vol.10 No.5

<P>We present a novel electrochemical cell lysis device to prepare DNA samples for lab-on-a-chip (LOC) applications. It utilizes the electrolysis of saline solution to generate hydroxide ions (OH<SUP>−</SUP>) at the cathode as alkaline lytic agents. Cathode and anode chambers are separated by a negatively-charged ion exchangeable polymer diaphragm to maintain the high pH level for efficient cell lysis in the cathode chamber, to prevent inflow of PCR-amplification inhibitors from the anode chamber, and to minimize binding of DNA molecules. Electric current flow and pH maintenance, which depended on the device design, were two important parameters of the device performance. After optimizing the design and visually confirming cell lysis of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in a very short amount of time, we directly electrolyzed four bacterial cell types suspended in saline solution. Real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis showed that our device could lyse both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial cells with higher efficiency than other common methods and could detect DNA on the microlitre scale. Our data demonstrate several advantages of the proposed device: absence of cell lysis chemicals and heating; no adverse effects on PCR amplification; low DNA loss; low voltage and power consumption; and rapid processing. The device could potentially be applied as an on-chip DNA extraction component.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>We present an electrochemical cell lysis micro-device for rapid DNA sample preparation with advantages over conventional methods, including high lysis efficiency, absence of chemical reagents, and no adverse effects on PCR amplification. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=b916606h'> </P>

Design and Analysis of a Magnetless Flux-Switching DC-Excited Machine for Wind Power Generation

Lee, Christopher H.T.,Chau, K.T.,Liu, Chunhua,Lin, Fei The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 2014 The Journal of International Council on Electrical Vol.4 No.1

This paper proposes a new outer-rotor magnetless flux-switching DC-excited (FSDC) machine which can offer low-speed operation to directly capture the wind power for power generation. Compared with its permanent-magnet (PM) counterparts, the proposed machine equips no PM such that it enjoys the definite cost benefit. One of the key designs of the proposed machine is the multitoothed per stator pole structure. With the multitoothed structure, the proposed machine not only offers the flux-modulation effect to boost up its torque density, but also is favorable for the low-speed operation. In addition, the external DC-field excitation can be controlled independently to offer the flux-controlled ability to achieve constant voltage output among various wind speeds. By performing the time-stepping finite element method (TS-FEM), the performances of the proposed machine can be analyzed, and hence verifying the design.