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Microbe hunting: a Curious Case of Cryptococcus
Karen H. Bartlett,Sarah Kidd,Colleen Duncan,Yat Chow,Paxton Bach,Sunny Mak,Laura MacDougall,Murray Fyfe 한국환경보건학회 2005 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.31 No.3
C. neoformans-associated cryptococcosis is primarily a disease of immunocompromised persons, has a world-wide distribution, and is often spread by pigeons in the urban environment. In contrast, C. gattii causes infection in normal hosts, has only been described in tropical and semi-tropical areas of the world, and has a unique niche in river gum Eucalyptus trees. Cryptococcosis is acquired through inhalation of the yeast propagules from the environment.C. gattii has been identified as the cause of an emerging infectious disease centered on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. No cases of C. gattii-disease were diagnosed prior to 1999; the current incidence rate is 36 cases per million population. A search was initiated in 2001 to find the ecological niche of this basidiomycetous yeast.C. gattii was found in the environment in treed areas of Vancouver Island. The highest percentage of colonized-tree clusters were found around central Vancouver Island, with decreasing rates of colonization to the north and south. Climate, soil and vegetation cover of this area, called the Coastal Douglas fir biogeoclimatic zone, is unique to British Columbia and Canada. The concentration of airborne C. gattii was highest in the dry summer months, and lowest during late fall, winter, and early spring, months which have heavy rainfall. The study of the emerging colonization of this organism and subsequent cases of environmentally acquired disease will be informative in planning public health management of new routes of exposure to exotic agents in areas impacted by changing climate and land use patterns.
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Microbe Hunting: A Curious Case of Cryptococcus
Bartlett Karen H.,Kidd Sarah,Duncan Colleen,Chow Yat,Bach Paxton,Mak Sunny,MacDougall Laura,Fyfe Murray Korean Society of Environmental Health 2005 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.31 No.3
C. neoformans-associated cryptococcosis is primarily a disease of immunocompromised persons, has a world-wide distribution, and is often spread by pigeons in the urban environment. In contrast, C. gattii causes infection in normal hosts, has only been described in tropical and semi-tropical areas of the world, and has a unique niche in river gum Eucalyptus trees. Cryptococcosis is acquired through inhalation of the yeast propagules from the environment. C. gattii has been identified as the cause of an emerging infectious disease centered on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. No cases of C. gattii-disease were diagnosed prior to 1999; the current incidence rate is 36 cases per million population. A search was initiated in 2001 to find the ecological niche of this basidiomycetous yeast. C. gattii was found in the environment in treed areas of Vancouver Island. The highest percentage of colonized-tree clusters were found around central Vancouver Island, with decreasing rates of colonization to the north and south. Climate, soil and vegetation cover of this area, called the Coastal Douglas fir biogeoclimatic zone, is unique to British Columbia and Canada. The concentration of airborne C. gattii was highest in the dry summer months, and lowest during late fall, winter, and early spring, months which have heavy rainfall. The study of the emerging colonization of this organism and subsequent cases of environmentally acquired disease will be informative in planning public health management of new routes of exposure to exotic agents in areas impacted by changing climate and land use patterns.
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Wan Fiona Fong-ying,Yeung Catherine Ming-mun,Yam Pak-ki,Ng Pan Pan,Chow Boris Chun Kei,Chiang Jeanie Betsy,Lee Jonan Chun-yin,Cheung Kenneth Kai-yat,Ng Ming-yen 아시아심장혈관영상의학회 2022 Cardiovascular Imaging Asia Vol.6 No.3
Objective:Splenic switch-off (SSO) sign has been utilized as a surrogate marker of adequate stress but can only be assessed after first-pass perfusion imaging. A study previously reported that drop in T1spleen ≥30 ms during adenosine infusion predicts presence of SSO, but this finding has not been externally validated. This study aimed to prospectively validate whether drop in T1spleen ≥30 ms is a reliable marker of SSO and hence adequate stress, and to assess reproducibility of T1spleen measurements. Materials and Methods: Data of fifty consecutive patients undergoing stress cardiac magnetic resonance were prospectively collected. Native T1-maps were acquired at rest and at 2.5 min after adenosine infusion in short axis slices, followed by perfusion images at 3 min. To measure T1spleen pre- and post-adenosine infusion, regions of interest were manually placed to include most splenic tissue. Adenosine stress adequacy was evaluated by visual SSO assessment and semi-quantitative splenic perfusion analysis. Results:A significant association was found between a drop in T1spleen of ≥30 ms and SSO response (p<0.001). There was excellent correlation between SSO response and semiquantitative perfusion change in spleen (rho=0.847, p<0.001). Inter-observer and intra-observer agreement for measurement of ΔT1spleen values were excellent, with intra-class correlation coefficients of 0.987 and 0.995, respectively. By receiver-operating characteristic analysis, the optimal cut-off value of ΔT1spleen for predicting presence of SSO was -28 ms, with area under the curve=0.76 (p=0.002). Conclusion:Splenic T1-mapping is accurate and reproducible for predicting SSO, potentially allowing optimization of adenosine dosage for adequate stress.
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