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崔光鉉 全北大學校 語學硏究所 1973 어학 Vol.1 No.-
By the time students go to college, they will have studied English for some six years. They will be made to learn the same subject one or two more years in college. But the result after all this long period of hard study is, on the average, far below their expectations. The chief reason is that they have mostly been taught by the grammer-translation method from their first year in middle school all the way through their college days. The main element in this disappointing result is that they are lacking in the hearing and speaking power of English. As a result of this studyof possible remedial English courses for college students, I have found the following: 1. In the past, in English teaching methods at the college level, emphasis was mainly placed on students’ reading power, but now their hearing and speaking power are being emphasized equally. 2. their integrative and instrumental motivation for English are stronger than any other subject in college. 3. They are lacking in the fundamental training for hearing and speaking ability, and they should make up for the lack of this ability at the college level. 4. In order to solve the above problem, first of all, the instructor must consider sociolingual factors concerning the development of their hearing and speaking ability. 5. Also, the college instructor must develop a foundamental teaching method for having his students master the English phonetic system. 6. The most effective way to improve the hearing and speaking power at college is to develop the students’ audio-lingual skills through Stevick's microwave method and also, by using the language laboratory.
최광현 경일대학교 산업정보연구소 1991 産經硏究 Vol.2 No.1
Expert systems have received a great deal of attention in the accounting and business fields recently. This study was undertaken to see if worthwhile applications exit in management accounting. Because the field is so new, the study is descriptive, and its conclusions are in the form of observations rather than generalizing about the use of expert systems in management accounting. In pursuing the study, I approached two firms to see the applicability of expert systems to management accounting. My objective was to develop an expert system to evaluate budget variances in these firms and to describe the problems and results of developing the expert system. I also wanted to determeine other areas where expert systems might be worthwhile in management accounting.
英語 會話力 向上을 위한 自律的 學習方法 : 大學生을 中心으로 With Reference to College Students
崔光鉉 全北大學校 語學硏究所 1986 어학 Vol.13 No.-
대부분의 대학생들은 6년간의 중고등학교 영어학습에 이어서 1년간의 대학교 교양영어 과정을 마치면 중학교에서 대학 졸업시까지 10년간의 학습기간중 사실상 영어공부는 끝나게 된다. 따라서 나머지 3년간의 영어공부는 각자 자율적 학습방법에 의존하고 있다. 그런데 읽기와 쓰기 능력 향상보다도 듣기와 말하기 능력향상을 위한 자율학습에는 훨씬 더 많은 문제점들이 학습자앞에 가로 놓여 있다고 보겠다. 더군다나 요즈음의 경향은 듣기와 말하기 능력향상에 각급학교에서 종전보다 많은 비중을 두워 가고 있고, 또 그전과는 달리 녹음기와 각종 영어회화 ‘테이프’의 많은 보급, TV를 통한 영어와의 접촉기회 증가, ‘비디오’보급에 따른 학습기회 증가, 영어 radio방송 청취 기회증가, 이에 관한 각종 신문 잡지 서적 등의 급진적 보급 등으로 영어 듣기와 말하기 능력 향상을 위한 자율학습자에게는 어느때보다도 그 여건이 좋아지고 있는 것 같이 보인다. 그러나 언 듯 보기에 아주 좋아진 이러한 여건들도 자율학습자들의 활용방법에 따라서는 별로 효과가 없거나 오히려 정반대로 혼란만을 초래하게 되어 시간적 경제적으로 손실만을 입을 가능성이 아주 큰 것이다. 본 논문에서는 위와 같은 손실을 막고 자율학습자들이 효율적으로 영어 듣기와 말하기 능력향상을 이루어 나아갈 수 있도록 해 주는 최선의 방안을 강구해 내는 데에 그 목적을 두겠다. 이 목적을 달성하기 위하여 첫째로, 중ㆍ고등학교 영어담당교사와 대학교 영어학습자들을 대상으로 하여 설문지 조사를 통하여 영어 듣기와 말하기 학습에 대한 여러 가지 의견들과 학습자들의 현재 실상들을 정확히 파악해 내어 본 연구의 기초 자료로 삼고, 둘째로, 위의 조사결과를 토대로 학습자의 가장 커다란 학습과정 중에 취약점들을 해결해 내는 방향들을 제시하며, 셋째로, 첫째와 둘째의 결과들을 종합하여 전체적으로 본 논문의 목적인 대학생을 중심으로한 영어 회화력 향상을 위한 자율적 학습방법을 마련해 내어 오늘날 영어학습 과정에 있어서 아주 중요시 되고 있는 이 분야에 대한 향상을 도모해 내겠다.
( Gwang Hyeon Choi ),( Ju Hyun Shim ),( Seheon Chang ),( Ji Hyun An ),( Danbi Lee ),( Kang Mo Kim ),( Young-suk Lim ),( Han Chu Lee ),( Young-hwa Chung ),( Yung Sang Lee ) 대한간학회 2017 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2017 No.1
Aims: Global practice guidelines have recommended hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surveillance for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients older than 40 years mostly using liver ultrasound every 6 months. It is well proven that a sustained reduction of hepatitis B viral load by antiviral agents is helpful in lowering the risk of HCC. The aim of this study is to examine the annual incidences of HCC in different status of CHB, and to evaluate whether current surveillance policy is a reasonable approach in patients under antiviral treatment. Methods: This study in an endemic area retrospectively included 1,955 CHB patients aged ≥40 years who started entecavir treatment between 2007 and 2012 and continued therapy for at least 6 months (mean age, 50.3±10.7 years; 1,220 males; 932 with cirrhosis; 452 with HBeAg; and 623 with Child-Pugh class A). No patients had previous history of HCC and decompensated liver function. We measured incidence rates of HCC according to the presence of HBeAg or cirrhosis, and statistically investigated host and viral factors related to HCC occurrence. Results: A total of 237 HCC cases were identified during a median follow-up of 4.6 years (9,174 person-years). Initial HCCs were detected usually at early stages (BCLC 0 or A in 199 patients [84%]) The overall HCC incidence rate was 2.58 per 100 person-years of observation. The annual risk of developing HCC was higher in sets with male gender (3.29% vs. 1.45%); older age (1.38% for <50 years, 3.44% for 50-60 years, and 4.16% for ≥60 years); positive HBeAg (4.70% vs. 2.51%); and cirrhosis (5.13% vs. 0.50%). The cumulative incidence of HCC at 3 and 5 years was 6.45% and 9.92%, respectively for the entire patients; 7.87% vs 4.03 and 12.21% vs. 6.04%, respectively for men and women (Ps<0.05); 7.17% vs. 5.86% (P=0.24) and 9.90% vs. 9.94% (P=0.97), respectively for HBeAg-positive and negative patients; and 12.45% vs. 0.98% and 18.88% vs. 1.76%, respectively for patients with and without cirrhosis (Ps<0.05). Multivariate Cox analysis revealed that male gender, older age, HBeAg positivity, high ALT and cirrhosis were significant predictors of HCC development (hazard ratios 2.82, 1.07, 1.45, 0.89, and 6.41, respectively; Ps<0.05), as was neither pretreatment viral load (0.96) nor undetectable HBV NDA (<200 IU/mL) at 12 month (0.89). Conclusions: The annual incidence rates for HCC were not unfortunately low in CHB patients in spite of viral suppression with the potent drug, and met the above cost-effective criteria for HCC screening (0.2-1.5% per year). Based on our findings, HCC should be regularly surveilled in patients with CHB, regardless of use of antivirals or presence of cirrhosis.