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Tetsuo Harada,Shiho Takenaka,Kohki Iyota,Takashi Shiraki,Masatoshi Moku,Chihiro Katagiri,Vladimír Koštál 한국응용곤충학회 2013 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.16 No.3
The only insects known to live in the open ocean are several species of sea skaters of the genus Halobates (Heteroptera: Gerridae). We have collected four species in the tropical western Pacific Ocean and measured heat coma temperature (HCT) and supercooling point (SCP) in 132 specimens. The SCPs were relatively low (ranging between −18 °C and −19 °C) and similar in all species. Significant inter-species differences were found in the level of HCT. The lowest HCT 32.9 °C was found in Halobates micans Eschscholtz, 1822, which is distributed in thermally stable tropical waters. The highest HCT levels of 36.6 °C and 36.0 °C were observed in Halobates sericeus Eschscholtz and Halobates germanus White, 1883, respectively, mostly occurring in thermallymore fluctuating habitats (subtropical and warm temperate waters, and coastal waters, respectively). A new species, H. sp. (under process of description) showed an intermediate HCT of 34.8 °C. In addition, we found significant negative statistical correlation between HCT and SCP values at the species and individual levels. We discuss our results in the light of putative relationship between thermal physiology of sea skaters and their distribution.
Relation between interdiffusion and polarity for MBE growth of GaN epilayers on ZnO substrates
Takuma Suzuki,Chihiro Harada,Hiroki Goto,Tsutomu Minegishi,Agus Setiawan,고항주,Meoung-Whan Cho,T.Yao 한국물리학회 2004 Current Applied Physics Vol.4 No.6
We report on GaN growth on Zn-polar ZnO substrates using plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy (P-MBE). Before GaNgrowth, ZnO substrate annealing conditions were optimized. Reection high-energy electron diraction (RHEED) patterns afterlow-temperature GaN buer layer annealing changed from streaky to spotty, suggesting that zinc and oxygen atoms interdiusefrom the ZnO substrate into the GaN epilayer. This interdiusion results in a mix-polar GaN epilayer.
Shiho Takenaka,Chihiro Katagiri,Vladimír Koštál,Tetsuo Harada 한국응용곤충학회 2014 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.17 No.3
This study was performed to clarify how the relative volume of saturated/unsaturated lipid and reproductivematuration relate to resistance to high temperature in the oceanic sea skaters, Halobates micans. Heat comatemperature (HCT) was measured in H. micans adults collected from a fixed sampling location (12°00′N,135°00′E) in the western tropical Pacific Ocean. After measuring HCT, the specimen were dissected to measurethe testes size and to determine the presence and number of oocytes in females. Bodies of the specimen wereassessed by lipid analysis to evaluate saturated and unsaturated lipid content. A negative trendwas seen betweenheat coma temperature and percentage of a saturated fatty acid, myristic acid (ratio of carbon number to numberof double bonds = 14:0) (Pearson's correlation test: r = −0.520, p = 0.101). In contrast, a positive trend wasdetected between heat coma temperature and percentage of an unsaturated fatty acid, palmitoleic acid (16:1)(r = 478, p = 0.137). Young males with small testes showed lower heat coma temperatures, whereas femalesthat showed relatively high heat coma temperatures of 36–40 °C tended to have fewer mature oocytes in theirovaries than those that showed low heat coma temperatures of 30–34 °C. As Halobates appears to exhibitembryonic diapause rather than adult diapause, males of H. micans may develop both testes and resistance tohigh temperature in the parallel as they grow. In females, a trade-off may occur between heat tolerance functionand oogenesis in the oceanic sea skaters.
Stress dependence on N/Ga ratio in GaN epitaxial films grownon ZnO substrates
Tsutomu Minegishi,Takuma Suzuki,Chihiro Harada,Hiroki Goto,Meoung-Whan Cho,Takafumi Yao 한국물리학회 2004 Current Applied Physics Vol.4 No.6
GaN films were grown on ZnO substrate under various beam equivalent pressure ratios by plasma-assisted molecular beamepitaxy (P-MBE). We theoretically calculated the thermal stress caused by the dierence of thermal expansion coecients betweenGaN and ZnO. The changes of stress and critical thickness were evaluated by measurement of XRD for HT GaN and LT GaNbuer grown under Ga-rich and N-rich conditions. From this study, we observed that GaN grown under Ga-rich condition causesGaN lm to under compressive-stress, while GaN grown under N-rich condition was tensile-stressed. Consequently, interdiusionhas no eect on the variation of the critical thickness.
Hiroki Goto,Hisao Makino,Agus Setiawan,Takuma Suzuki,Chihiro Harada,Tsutomu Minegishi,Meoung-Whan Cho,Takafumi Yao 한국물리학회 2004 Current Applied Physics Vol.4 No.6
Optical properties of ZnO thin lms with/without MgO-buer annealing were investigated by low and room temperature photoluminescence measurements. The ZnO lms were grown onc-sapphire substrates by plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy employing a thin MgO-buer layer. Dislocation density of ZnO layer was reduced from 5.3· 109 to 1.9· 109 cm. 2 by annealingMgO-buer prior to the growth of ZnO. The intensity of free exciton emission from the sample with MgO-buer annealing wasalmost twice of that from the sample without annealing, while the deep level emission from the sample with MgO-buer annealingwas about 1/3 of that without annealing. The MgO-buer annealing improves optical quality of overgrown ZnO lms.