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Brain–computer interfacing under distraction: an evaluation study
Brandl, Stephanie,Frølich, Laura,Hö,hne, Johannes,Mü,ller, Klaus-Robert,Samek, Wojciech IOP 2016 Journal of neural engineering Vol.13 No.5
<P> <I>Objective.</I> While motor-imagery based brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) have been studied over many years by now, most of these studies have taken place in controlled lab settings. Bringing BCI technology into everyday life is still one of the main challenges in this field of research. <I>Approach.</I> This paper systematically investigates BCI performance under 6 types of distractions that mimic out-of-lab environments. <I>Main results.</I> We report results of 16 participants and show that the performance of the standard common spatial patterns (CSP)?+?regularized linear discriminant analysis classification pipeline drops significantly in this ‘simulated’ out-of-lab setting. We then investigate three methods for improving the performance: (1) artifact removal, (2) ensemble classification, and (3) a 2-step classification approach. While artifact removal does not enhance the BCI performance significantly, both ensemble classification and the 2-step classification combined with CSP significantly improve the performance compared to the standard procedure. <I>Significance.</I> Systematically analyzing out-of-lab scenarios is crucial when bringing BCI into everyday life. Algorithms must be adapted to overcome nonstationary environments in order to tackle real-world challenges.</P>
특집 - 건축기술과 설계 : 테크놀로지와 디자인 - 제한적 요소로부터 자유로움으로
커트 브랜들(Kurt Brandle) 대한건축학회 1996 建築 Vol.40 No.12
이 글에서 디자인은 행위와 개념화의 결과로서, 테크놀로지는 지식의 기반과 디자인을 실제로 구현하기 위한 수단으로서 '디자인'과 '건축기술'의 상호의존성을 설명하고 있다. 다음의 세 분야로 구분함으로써 테크놀로지가 어떻게 디자인에 관여하는지에 대하여 논의하고자 한다.