http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
Bergsten, C . Fred Institute for International Trade and Cooperation, 1997 Asian International Studies Review Vol.1 No.1
"Open regionalism" represents an effort to resolve one of the central problems of contemporary trade policy: how to achieve compatibility between the explosion of regional trading arrangement around the world and the global trading system as embodied in the Wold Trade organization. The concept seeks to assure that regional agreements will in practice be building blocks for further global liberalization rather than stumbling blocks that deter such progress. This article addresses "open regionalism" in the context of Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC). which evolved as an effort to reconcile potential conflicts between "globalism vs. regionalism." Presenting five alternative definitions of the concept-open membership, unconditional most favored-nation(MFN) treatment, conditional MFN treatment, global liberalization, and trade facilitation-and the arguments for and against each, this article concludes with recommendations for proceeding with the "open regionalism." Properly defined and implemented, it can enable APEC to simultaneously achieve regional and global free trade, and provide the definitive answer to the potential clash between "regionalism and globalism" by rolling all regional liberalization initiatives into a global free trade agreement and thereby eliminating all trade preferences. "Open regionalism" could and should be adopted as well by other evolving regional arrangements, so that it may turn out to be the most promising international trade strategy for the early 21st century.
Polymer-encapsulated molecular doped epigraphene for quantum resistance metrology
He, Hans,Lara-Avila, Samuel,Kim, Kyung Ho,Fletcher, Nick,Rozhko, Sergiy,Bergsten, Tobias,Eklund, Gunnar,Cedergren, Karin,Yakimova, Rositsa,Park, Yung Woo,Tzalenchuk, Alexander,Kubatkin, Sergey BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET MESURES 2019 METROLOGIA -BERLIN- Vol.56 No.4
<P>One of the aspirations of quantum metrology is to deliver primary standards directly to end-users thereby significantly shortening the traceability chains and enabling more accurate products. Epitaxial graphene grown on silicon carbide (epigraphene) is known to be a viable candidate for a primary realisation of a quantum Hall resistance standard, surpassing conventional semiconductor two-dimensional electron gases, such as those based on GaAs, in terms of performance at higher temperatures and lower magnetic fields. The bottleneck in the realisation of a turn-key quantum resistance standard requiring minimum user intervention has so far been the need to fine-tune the carrier density in this material to fit the constraints imposed by a simple cryo-magnetic system. Previously demonstrated methods, such as via photo-chemistry or corona discharge, require application prior to every cool-down as well as specialist knowledge and equipment. To this end we perform metrological evaluation of epigraphene with carrier density tuned by a recently reported permanent molecular doping technique. Measurements at two National Metrology Institutes confirm accurate resistance quantisation below 5 nΩ Ω<SUP>−1</SUP>. Furthermore, samples show no significant drift in carrier concentration and performance on multiple thermal cycles over three years. This development paves the way for dissemination of primary resistance standards based on epigraphene.</P>