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Ecotoxicity of heat-treated Kapur and Japanese larch
Salim, Sabiha,Ashaari, Zaidon,Choi, Yong-Seok,Cho, Kijong,Jung, Jinho,Kim, Gyu-Hyeok Springer-Verlag 2016 European journal of wood and wood products Vol.74 No.2
<P>Kapur (Dryobalanops sp.) and Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) wood samples were heat-treated in air at 180 A degrees C for 24 and 48 h. Leaching and toxicity tests were conducted to determine the ecotoxicity effect of these heat-treated woods on the aquatic environment due to heat treatment. The toxicity of conventional preservative-treated woods, i.e. chromated copper arsenate (CCA) and ammoniacal copper quat (ACQ), was also determined for comparison purposes. Acute toxicity tests were performed using two aquatic organisms, Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development standard procedures and Microtox assay, respectively. Significantly low toxicity to D. magna was found for the heat-treated Kapur compared to that of untreated Kapur, while heat-treated Japanese larch did not show any toxicity effect. As expected, ACQ-treated samples showed the highest toxicity to D. magna, followed by that of CCA, though toxicity of both preservative-treated woods further reduced over time. Hence, heat treatment of Kapur and Japanese larch were believed to be not harmful to the aquatic ecosystem.</P>
Wheel over point mathematical model
Kamis, Amir Syawal,Fuad, Ahmad Faizal Ahmad,Ashaari, Azmirul,Noor, Che Wan Mohd Techno-Press 2021 Ocean systems engineering Vol.11 No.3
This research proposes an improved mathematical model which can be used to calculate wheel over point (WOP) for a ship's route optimisation. WOP is a marking made on the charted course to demonstrate where the ship must initiate the course alteration to guarantee that it follows the route. The advance transfer technique (ATT) was used to determine WOP. Through practical exercise, two gaps were identified in ATT. From there, an improved mathematical model, namely ATMM, were developed. A preliminary manoeuvring analysis was then carried out in this study using a ship simulator for ATMM and the existing ATT. Then, the cross-track distance produced by both methods were compared to verify the difference. It was found that the ATMM produced better result in maintaining a ship on its course. This research's mathematical model is expected to be used onboard ship and used in the Electronic Chart Display and Information System to aid navigator in making more effective course alteration.