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Effect of Terminal Layouts on the Performance of Marine Terminals for Mega-containerships
Akio IMAI,Etsuko NISHIMURA,Stratos PAPADIMITRIOU 한국항해항만학회 2006 한국항해항만학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2 No.-
The appearance of over 10,000 TEU containerships (so called Mega-containerships) is determined. In order to operate these ships effectively, the number of these calling ports will diminish, and then feeder ships will transport car-goes from the hub-ports where mega-containerships call to the destination ports. In the hub-ports, handling containers for mega-containerships become huger, thus it is important for terminals to deal with cargo handling as soon as possible. However, the present terminal layout might have the limitation of maximum throughput per time unit. And then the transit time at the ports become longer. Therefore, we investigate the effect on some different terminal layouts containerships on three types of terminal layouts. First one is the conventional type consisted by some linear berths, most container terminals in the world are normally this type. Second one is the indented type consisted by linear the floating type consisted by linear berths and the floating berth. On this type, mega-containerships can moor between linear and floating berths. The merits of this type are that we can also handle from both sides of mega-containerships simultaneously, and ships can go through between linear berth and floating berths. Thus it is easier for ships to moor and leave berths. Under such assumptions, we examine the numerical experiments. In most cases, the total service times on the indented type are the longest among three types, these on the floating type are the next longer. Those reasons are that these layouts have the differences of berth occupancy obtained by the time and space axes, and whether the precedence constraints of ship service order needs or not.
Constructing Container Shipping Networks with Empty Container Repositioning among Calling Ports
Koichi SHINTANI,Akio IMAI,Etsuko NISHIMURA,Stratos PAPADIMITRIOU 한국항해항만학회 2006 한국항해항만학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2 No.-
This paper addresses the design of container liner shipping service networks by explicitly taking into account empty container repositioning and container fleet size. Two key and interrelated issues of deployments of ships and containers are usually treated separately by most existing studies on shipping network design. In this paper, both issues are considered simultaneously. The problem is formulated as a two-stage problem: the upper-problem being formulated as a Knapsack problem and the lower-problem as a Flow problem. A genetic algorithm based heuristic is developed for the problem. Through a number of numerical experiments that were conducted it was shown that the problem considering empty container repositioning provides a more insightful solution than the one without.
Choi, Kwang-soon,Kim, Bom-chul,Akio Imai,Kazuo Matsushige 江原大學校 附設 環境硏究所 2002 環境硏究 Vol.19 No.-
Vertical and seasonal distributions of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were investigated in a deep reservoir, Lake Soyang,considering the fractionation and optical properties of DOC.DOC samples from epilimnion, metalimnion, hypolimnion, and from the main inflowing tributary were fractionated into four fractions by using resin adsorbants;hydrophobic acids (same as aquatic humic substances; AHS), hydrophilic acids (HiA), hydrophilic bases(HiB), and hydrophilic neutrals (HiN). Before the mon-soon. in spring and early summer,DOC concentration was consistently low (ca. 1.5㎎/1).Heavy rains associated with the summer monsoon had substantial impact on the distributions and characteristics of DOC in the lake. The fractional composition of DOC and the specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) varied with sampling dates and depth.AHS and HiA were major fractions of DOC in both Lake Soyang and the inflowing river, except in the bottom layer of the lake. In the inflowing river water HiA(50.2±4.9%) was larger component than AHS (38.7±0.8%) in pre- and post-monsoon seasons, whereas AHS (58.1±2.7%) prevailed over HiA (37.4±0.8%) dur- ing the summer monsoon. In the epilimnion of the lake. HiA (36-63%) was more abundant than AHS (34-38%) in all fractionaion samples. In the metalimnion the proportions of AHS was higher with the effect of allochthonous DOC inputs during the summer monsoon. The HiA fraction was negligible in the epilimnion and the metalim-nion, but it was sometiomes major portion at the anoxic bottom layer (up to 78%). SUVA of each fraction of DOC was in the order of[AHS>total DOC>hydrophilic fraction]in both lake water and inflowing river water.
이병영,손종록,윤인화,송창호,금정철,전천소남 한국농화학회 1993 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.36 No.2
The volatile components of cooked glutinous rice were investigated. Among more than 100 volatile components of fresh cooked rice, the predominant one was hexanal followed by pentanal, butanal, octanal, heptanal, noananal, acetone and toluene. These eight components comprised about 85% of the total volatiles, and the hexanal comprised about 86% total amount of the eight volatile components. the amount of the eight volatile components and hexanal in cooked glutinous rice were six and nine times more than that of cooked nonglutinous rice, respectively. The amount of volatile components in cooked glutinous rice stored for 72 hours at 70℃ was same with that of in nonglutinous rice immediately after cooking.
자외선에 의한 조류기원 용존유기물의 생분해도 및 화학조성변환
최광순 ( Choe Gwang Sun ),김용환 ( Kim Yong Hwan ),김범철 ( Kim Beom Cheol ),( Akio Imai ),( Kazuo Matsushige ),( Takashi Nagai ) 한국하천호수학회 2003 생태와 환경 Vol.36 No.3
The effect of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the characteristics of algae-derived dissolved organic matter(COM)was examined by comparing the biodegradability and DOM fraction distribution of algal DOM before and after UV exposure. Algal DOM from two exenic cultures of Microcystis aeruginosa and Oscillatoria agardhii were irradiated for 24 h at a UV intensity of 42 W/m². A complete degradation of algal DOM during the UV exposure did not occur, remaining at constant concentrations of dissolved organic carbon(DOC). After UV exposure, however, microbial degradations were reduced by 17% in M. aeruginosa and 53% in O. agardhii, respectively, and decomposition rate also were two times lower in UV exposed algal DOM. In addition, the chemical compositions of algal DOM altered substantially after UV radiation exposure. The proportions of hydrophilic bases (HiB; protein-like DOM) decreased considerably in both algal DOM sources after UV exposure (16.8% and 20.0% of DOM, respectively), whereas those of hydrophilic acids(HiA; carboxylic acids-like DOM) increased as much as the decrease of the HiB fraction. Capillary ion electrophoresis (CE) analysis showed that several carboxylic acids increased significantly after UV exposure, further confirming an increase in HiA fractions. The results of this study clearly indicate that algal DOM can be changed in its chemical composition as well as biodegradability without complete degradation by UV radiation.