http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
The Evolution of Citizen Participation and Regulatory Success
Akao K,Kim G 한국재정학회 2012 한국재정학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2012 No.춘계
In an evolutionary game setting in which three different types of player are randomly matched it is shown that a full compliance with an environmental regulation can be evolved as an asymptotically stable state, but this critically depends on the size of a defector's additional payoff at no private monitoring to a cooperator's payoff, relative to his expected fine from an enforcer's monitoring. Also with enforcers' willingness to monitor voluntarily affected by their relative population share to defectors', it is warned that even though the regulatory agency is strong in its policy, the society could be stuck in the neighborhood of the initial state if defectors are already many and a little larger than enforcers.
Reducing channel spatial correlation by rotating planar antenna array
Takashi Akao,Koya Watanabe,Shun Kojima,Masato Katsuno,Kazuki Maruta,안창준 한국통신학회 2019 ICT Express Vol.5 No.4
This paper newly proposes a direct antenna array control approach to reduce channel spatial correlation for multiuser spatial multiplexing. Conventional rectangular arrays can form three dimensional beams and have superior signal separation performance compared to linear arrays. However, when the arrival angles of some signals are close, the signal separation (interference cancellation) performance deteriorates since the projection points onto horizontal/vertical axes of several antenna elements overlap and spatial resolution along each axis is degenerated. The key proposal is to improve signal separation performance by mechanically changing the positional relationship of antenna elements. The proposed scheme can achieve better Bit Error Rate (BER) performance by searching the optimal antenna rotation angle.
An economic analysis of the ‘‘Home Appliance Eco-Point System’’ in Japan
( Ken-ichi Akao ) 한국환경경제학회, 한국자원경제학회 ( 구 한국환경경제학회 ) 2016 한국환경경제학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2016 No.하계
The Home Appliance Eco-Point System was a subsidy program implemented by the Japanese government from May 2009 to March 2011. The system has two features. First, the subsidy was provided in the form of eco-points that were only exchangeable for environmentally friendly goods. Second, it was a replacement subsidy program for durable goods with uncertain termination dates. We investigate the policy implications of these features. We show that if the eco-points are exchangeable for any goods (i.e., if a simple rebate program rather than an ecopoint system is implemented), the same outcome can be achieved at a lower subsidy rate and thus using fewer financial resources. Regarding the eco-point system as a replacement subsidy, we show that the uncertain termination has the same effect as an increase in the subsidy: both accelerate the replacement. Uncertainty is a substitute for a subsidy, thus saving the financial resources of the government. However, there are two welfare concerns: (a) acceleration may not be desirable in terms of the environment, and (b) it costs households their expected utility.
International Environmental Agreements as an Equilibrium Choice in a Di¤erential Game
( Ken-ichi Akao ),( Kenko Uchida ),( Yasuaki Wasa ) 한국환경경제학회·한국자원경제학회(구 한국환경경제학회) 2018 한국환경경제학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2018 No.하계
In a differential game for international pollution control, Dockner and Long (Dockner, E.J. and N.V. Long (1993) .International Pollution Control: Cooperative versus Noncooperative Strategies,. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 25: 13-29) show the existence of multiple Markov Nash equilibria and suggest the interpretation that an international environmental negotiation may be a preplay communication to choose a better Nash equilibrium. Following their idea, we examine the payoff dominant equilibrium in Markov perfect Nash equilibria (MPNEs) and open-loop Nash equilibria (OLNEs). By allowing a discontinuous strategy, we reproduce the Dockner and Long’s most efficient equilibrium as an MPNE (the DL MPNE), with the globally asymptotically stable steady state which converges to an efficient steady state as the discount rate goes to zero. We show that the DL MPNE is payoff dominant over the pollution levels greater than or equal to the steady state in the MPNEs. When an open-loop strategy is also available, there is a unique OLNE and it may dominate the DL MPNE if the pollution level is high. This indicates that a renegotiation to switch from the OLNE to the DL MPNE may occur when pollution is improved.
Crystallization and Electrical Properties of Doped and Undoped Indium Oxide Films
Kamei, Masayuki,Akao, Hirotaka,Song, Pung Keun,Yasui, Itaru,Shigesato, Yuzo The Korean Ceramic Society 2000 The Korean journal of ceramics Vol.6 No.2
The crystallization process and the electrical properties of amorphous tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) films have been studied in contrast with those of undoped indium oxide (IO) films. Amorphous ITO and IO films were prepared by magnetron sputtering succeeded by annealing in the air at various temperatures. ITO films showed higher crystallization temperature compared with that of IO films, suggesting an excess free energy caused by the repulsion between the active donors ($Sn^{4+}$). The analysis of the electrical properties alternated with the phased annealing of films provided essential information for understanding the conduction mechanisms of ITO. It was also revealed that the amorphous IO/ITO films showed oxidation around $100^{\circ}C$ in contrast with crystalline IO/ITO films with the oxidation temperature above $200^{\circ}C$.