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Functional Study of Active Residues Scorpion Insect Toxin BmK IT from Buthus martensii Karsch
Yuejun Fu,Renjia Yang,Wujian Chen,Zhiyi Wu,Ai-Hua Liang,Fengyun Hu 한국생물공학회 2014 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.19 No.2
Chinese scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch(BmK) venom is a rich source of neurotoxins which bindto various ion channels with high affinity and specificityand thus widely used as compounds to modulate channelgating. An excitatory insect toxin, BmK IT, is not conservedwith a glutamate residue at the preceding position of thethird Cys residue, and is a toxin with a non-glutamateresidue at the relevant position in the excitatory scorpion β-toxin subfamily. In this study, the mutants of recombinantBmK IT (BmK IT (I25E), BmK IT (E15G), BmK IT Cterminal(TKSYCDVQIN) truncated) were achieved bysite-directed mutagenesis. Biological activity of BmK ITand its mutants confirmed these residues or peptides playedkey roles in BmK IT. BmK IT (I25E) could increase thesensitivity of BmK IT, but BmK IT(E15G) could decreasethe sensitivity of BmK IT on Sf9 cells. BmK IT truncatedC-terminal hydrophobic amino acids could cross thespecies boundaries and was effective on mammalian C6cells. To date, several excitatory insect toxins have beenisolated and identified from the venom of Buthus martensiiKarsch. However, no functional data are available andtherefore its classification in the family of excitatory insecttoxins remains putative and is just based on its highsimilarity with the other toxins of this family. These resultsverified I25, E15 and C-terminal (TKSYCDVQIN) inBmK IT played key roles in the interaction of the BmK ITand its receptor- sodium channels on the surface of insectcells and laid a foundation for further structural andfunctional analysis of BmK IT.
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Ginsenosides as dietary supplements with immunomodulatory effects: a review
Tang Ping,Liu Sitong,Zhang Junshun,Ai Zhiyi,Hu Yue,Cui Linlin,Zou Hongyang,Li Xia,Wang Yu,Nan Bo,Wang Yuhua 한국응용생명화학회 2024 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.67 No.-
Immune disorders have become one of the public health problems and imposes a serious economic and social burden worldwide. Ginsenosides, the main active constituents of ginseng, are regarded as a novel supplementary strategy for preventing and improving immune disorders and related diseases. This review summarized the recent research progress of ginsenosides in immunomodulation and proposed future directions to promote the development and application of ginsenosides. After critically reviewing the immunomodulatory potential of ginsenosides both in vitro and in vivo and even in clinical data of humans, we provided a perspective that ginsenosides regulated the immune system through activation of immune cells, cytokines, and signaling pathways such as MAPK, PI3K/ Akt, STAT, and AMPK, as well as positively affected immune organs, gut flora structure, and systemic inflammatory responses. However, the evidence for the safety and efficacy of ginsenosides is insufficient, and the immune pathways of ginsenosides remain incompletely characterized. We believe that this review will provide a valuable reference for further research on ginsenosides as dietary supplements with immunomodulatory effects.
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