Effects of bioactive substance from turmeric on growth, skin mucosal immunity and antioxidant factors in common carp, <i>Cyprinus carpio</i>

Giri, Sib Sankar,Sukumaran, V.,Park, Se Chang ACADEMIC PRESS LTD 2019 FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY Vol.92 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Present study evaluated the effects of curcumin, the principal curcuminoid of turmeric, on <I>Cyprinus carpio</I> growth, skin mucosal immune parameters, immune-related gene expression, and susceptibility to pathogen challenge. Diets containing four various concentrations of curcumin (g Kg<SUP>−1</SUP>): 0 g [basal diet], 5 g [T5], 10 g [T10], and 15 g [T15] were fed to the carp (average weight: 16.37 g) for 8 weeks. Growth parameters were analysed at 4 and 8 weeks post-feeding. Skin mucosal immune responses and expression were examined in 8 weeks post-feeding. Growth performance was significantly higher in T10 and T15, with final weight gain of 102.26 ± 2.31 g and specific growth rate of 3.24 ± 0.37, respectively. The lowest feed conversion ratio (2.35 ± 0.16) was recorded in T15 than in the control (<I>P</I> < 0.05). Among the skin mucosal immune parameters examined, lysozyme (36.8 ± 4.03 U mL<SUP>−1</SUP>), total immunoglobulin (6.74 ± 0.5 mg mL<SUP>−1</SUP>), protein level (18.7 ± 1.62 mg mL<SUP>−1</SUP>), alkaline phosphatase (96.37 ± 6.3 IU L<SUP>−1</SUP>), and protease activity (9.47 ± 0.82%) were significantly higher in T15, while the peroxidase activity was higher in T10 (10.24 ± 0.9 U mg<SUP>−1</SUP> protein). Further, lysozyme, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were measured in serum and found to be higher in T10 or T15 than in the control (<I>P</I> < 0.05). However, malondialdehyde level decreased significantly in T10 and T15. Furthermore, antioxidant genes (SOD, CAT, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) and anti-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin-10 were upregulated in the head kidney, intestine, and hepatopancreas of fish in T10 and T15. Conversely, expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, tumour necrosis factor-alpha), signalling molecule NF-κBp65 were down-regulated in the tested tissues of T10 and T15. Expression of Toll-like receptor 22 (TLR22) was down regulated in head-kidney and intestine of T15. Fish from T15 exhibited significantly higher relative post-challenge survival (69.70%) against <I>Aeromonas hydrophila</I> challenge. Results of the present study suggest that dietary supplements of curcumin at 15 g Kg<SUP>−1</SUP>can significantly improve the growth performance, skin mucosal and serum antioxidant parameters, and strengthen the immunity of <I>C. carpio</I>. Therefore, curcumin represents a promising food additive for carps in aquaculture.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Curcumin intake improves growth and skin mucosal immunity of <I>Cyprinus carpio</I>. </LI> <LI> Dietary curcumin alters antioxidant- and inflammatory-related gene expression. </LI> <LI> Fish fed diet supplemented with 15 g kg<SUP>−1</SUP> of curcumin had the highest post-challenge survival rate. </LI> </UL> </P>

Immunotoxicological effects of cadmium on Labeo rohita, with emphasis on the expression of HSP genes

Giri, S.S.,Sen, S.S.,Jun, J.W.,Sukumaran, V.,Park, S.C. Academic Press 2016 Fish & shellfish immunology Vol.54 No.-

<P>The present study evaluated the effects of exposure (28 days) to a sub-lethal concentration of cadmium (Cd) (0.65 mg CdCl2 L-1) on the immune responses and expression of immune-related and heat shock protein (HSP) genes in Labeo rohita, an important aquacultured fish species. Among the immune parameters studied, significantly lower lysozyme activity was observed in fish 28 days post-exposure (dpe) to Cd as compared to control fish. Alternative complement pathway activity was slightly higher in the Cd-exposed group at 2 dpe than in controls, and this activity declined gradually thereafter. The phagocytic activity and serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels were insignificantly lower in the Cd-exposed group at all assessed time points than in controls. Among serum enzymatic activities, peroxidase activity was always higher in the Cd-exposed group than in controls, but the increase was insignificant at all assessed time points. Additionally, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase activities were significantly higher in the Cd-exposed group at 14 and 28 dpe. Immune and HSP gene expression patterns were observed in kidney and liver tissues, respectively, by RT-PCR, and HSP5 were further analysed by immunoblotting. Cd had an immunosuppressive effect, leading to down regulation of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-10, and IFN-gamma. However, Cd exposure led to the up-regulation of HSP47, HSP60, HSP70, HSP78, and HSP90, indicating Cd-induced cellular stress. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate the immunotoxic effect of Cd. Cd exposure makes Labeo rohita immunocompromised, and this could subsequently increase the disease susceptibility of Labeo rohita. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</P>

PRIME IDEALS AND PRIME RADICALS IN NON-COMMUTATIVE SEMIGROUPS

Giri, R.D.,Wazalwar, A.K. Department of Mathematics 1993 Kyungpook mathematical journal Vol.33 No.1

A NOTE ON CYCLICITY OF GROUPS

Giri, R.D. Department of Mathematics 1974 Kyungpook mathematical journal Vol.14 No.1

Pinocembrin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in Labeo rohita macrophages via the suppression of the NF-κB signalling pathway

Giri, S.S.,Sen, S.S.,Sukumaran, V.,Park, S.C. Academic Press 2016 FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY Vol.56 No.-

<P>Pinocembrin is a flavonoid that has been reported to exhibit various pharmacological and biological activities including antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. To explore the anti-inflammatory activity of pinocembrin in a fish cell line, we investigated its ability to regulate the inflammatory mediators elevated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Labeo rohita head-kidney (HK) macrophages. HK macrophages of L. rohita were treated with LPS (1 (mu g mL(-1)) in the presence or absence of pinocembrin. We examined the inhibitory effect of pinocembrin on LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)) production. The inhibitory effect of pinocembrin on nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was investigated by RT-PCR and western blot. The effect of pinocembrin on pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta)) and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was investigated by ELISA and RT-PCR. The phosphorylation of three mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) ERK, JNK, and p38 was analysed by western blot. Pinocembrin inhibited LPS-induced productions of NO and PGE2, and also markedly inhibited TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, iNOS, and COX-2 production in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta mRNA expression levels decreased significantly, while IL-10 mRNA expression increased (P < 0.05) with pinocembrin pre-treatment. RT-PCR and western blot analysis showed that pinocembrin decreased both the mRNA and protein expression levels of LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 in HK macrophages. Pinocembrin suppressed the phosphorylation of MAPK in LPS-stimulated HK macrophages. Further, pinocembrin significantly inhibited LPS-induced NF-kappa B transcriptional activity via the attenuation of I kappa B alpha degradation. Taken together, pinocembrin reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as iNOS, COX-2, TNF-alpha, and IL-1 beta, by inhibiting NF-kappa B activation via the suppression of ERK and p38 phosphorylation, and by attenuating the degradation of I kappa B alpha. These results suggest that pinocembrin is a potential novel candidate for the treatment of inflammatory conditions in L. rohita macrophages. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</P>

CYP1A1 Gene Polymorphisms: Modulator of Genetic Damage in Coal-Tar Workers

Giri, Shiv Kumar,Yadav, Anita,Kumar, Anil,Dev, Kapil,Gulati, Sachin,Gupta, Ranjan,Aggarwal, Neeraj,Gautam, Sanjeev Kumar Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2012 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.13 No.7

Aim: It is well known that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as benzo (a) pyrene have carcinogenic properties and may cause many types of cancers in human populations. Genetic susceptibility might be due to variation in genes encoding for carcinogen metabolizing enzymes, such as cytochrome P-450 (CYP450). Our study aimed to investigate the effect of genetic polymorphisms of CYP1A1 (m1 and m2) on genetic damage in 115 coal-tar workers exposed to PAHs at their work place. Methods: Genetic polymorphisms of CYP1A1 were determined by the PCR-RFLP method. Comet and buccal micronucleus assays were used to evaluate genetic damage among 115 coal tar workers and 105 control subjects. Results: Both CYP1A1 m1 and CYP1A1 m2 heterozygous and homozygous (wt/mt+mt/mt) variants individually as well as synergistically showed significant association (P<0.05) with genetic damage as measured by tail moment (TM) and buccal micronuclei (BMN) frequencies in control and exposed subjects. Conclusion: In our study we found significant association of CYP1A1 m1 and m2 heterozygous (wt/mt)+homozygous (mt/mt) variants with genetic damage suggesting that these polymorphisms may modulate the effects of PAH exposure in occupational settings.

Cellulose and its derivatives for application in 3D printing of pharmaceuticals

Giri Bhupendra Raj,Poudel Surendra,김동욱 한국약제학회 2021 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.51 No.1

Background Three-dimensional printing (3DP) has emerged as an advanced manufacturing technology capable of producing complex yet precise medicines intended for patient-centric drug therapy. However, printable materials currently available for 3DP are far too limited. Area covered The current article covers various cellulose-based polymers as well as their applications, especially in 3DP of oral solid dosage forms. The review focuses on their physicochemical properties, roles, and functions in conventional as well as 3DP dosage forms, and the characteristics of the obtained printed products are discussed. In addition, the challenges and considerations for processing cellulose-based feedstock materials are briefly presented. Expert opinion Cellulose and its derivatives are regarded as suitable polymers with a huge potential for applications in 3DP drug delivery systems. It is therefore essential to better understand cellulose-based printable polymers and their applications in 3DP.

The modified Yule-Walker method for multidimensional infinite-variance periodic autoregressive model of order 1

Giri Prashant,Grzesiek Aleksandra,Żuławiński Wojciech,Sundar S.,Wyłomańska Agnieszka 한국통계학회 2023 Journal of the Korean Statistical Society Vol.52 No.2

The time series with periodic behavior, such as the periodic autoregressive (PAR) models belonging to the class of the periodically correlated processes, are present in various real applications. In the literature, such processes were considered in different directions, especially with the Gaussian-distributed noise. However, in most of the applications, the assumption of the finite-variance distribution seems to be too simplified. Thus, one can consider the extensions of the classical PAR model where the non-Gaussian distribution is applied. In particular, the Gaussian distribution can be replaced by the infinite-variance distribution, e.g. by the α-stable distribution. In this paper, we focus on the multidimensional α-stable PAR time series models. For such models, we propose a new estimation method based on the Yule-Walker equa-tions. However, since for the infinite-variance case the covariance does not exist, thus it is replaced by another measure, namely the covariation. In this paper we propose to apply two estimators of the covariation measure. The first one is based on moment representation (moment-based) while the second one—on the spectral measure representation (spectral-based). The validity of the new approaches are verified using the Monte Carlo simulations in different contexts, including the sam-ple size and the index of stability of the noise. Moreover, we compare the moment-based covariation-based method with spectral-based covariation-based technique. Finally, the real data analysis is presented.

Dietary emodin affects the growth performance, immune responses, and disease resistance of Labeo rohita against Aeromonas hydrophila

Giri, S. S.,Jai Suda, S.,Sukumaran, V.,Park, S. C. Springer Science + Business Media 2016 AQUACULTURE INTERNATIONAL Vol.24 No.1

<P>Healthy Labeo rohita (mean bodyweight of 20.1 g) were divided into four groups before being fed for 60 days on diets supplemented with 0 (control), 20 (E1), 30 (E2), or 40 (E3) mg kg(-1) emodin. Various growth and immune parameters were measured after 15, 30, 45, and 60 days of feeding. Fish fed E2 diet exhibited accelerated (p < 0.05) weight gain after 30-60 days of feeding. The most significant improvements (p < 0.05) in immune parameters, such as lysozyme activity, alternative complement pathway activity, respiratory bursts activity, phagocytic activity, superoxide dismutase activity, and myloperoxidase activity, were observed in the E2-fed group after 30 and 45 days of feeding. However, fish groups fed E2 or E3 diets exhibited significantly lower malondialdehyde, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase activities than did the control group after 30 and 45 days of feeding. The IgM level was significantly elevated in treatment groups after 30 and 45 days of feeding. Further, fish fed E2 diet for 45 days had the highest (p < 0.005) post-challenge survival rate (83.3 %), followed by fish fed E2 diet for 30 days (75 %). Therefore, dietary feeding of emodin at 30 mg kg(-1) to L. rohita for 30-45 days is optimal to enhance the immunity and disease resistance against A. hydrophila.</P>

Effects of intracellular products of Bacillus subtilis VSG1 and Lactobacillus plantarum VSG3 on cytokine responses in the head kidney macrophages of Labeo rohita

Giri, S.S.,Sen, S.S.,Chi, C.,Kim, H.J.,Yun, S.,Park, S.C.,Sukumaran, V. Academic Press 2015 FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY Vol.47 No.2

The efficiency of intracellular products (ICPs) of the probiotics Bacillus subtilis VSG1 and Lactobacillus plantarum VSG3 in stimulating cytokine responses in the head kidney (HK) macrophages of Labeo rohita was investigated. The HK macrophages were incubated with ICPs and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the responses of cytokine genes, namely interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-1β, IL-12p35, IL-12p40, IL-18, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), interferon-1 (IFN-1), and IFN-γ were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) at 2, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h post-stimulation (hps). Among the proinflammatory cytokines, a strong increase in the gene expression of IL-1β and TNF-α was displayed mainly at 2-6 hps with ICPs, as compared to that of the positive control (LPS) or the negative control (PBS) (P < 0.05). However, COX-2 and NF-κB showed higher expression at 2 and 24 hps, and 6-24 hps with ICPs, respectively. Antiviral cytokines IFN-1 and IFN-γ displayed strong expressions (P < 0.05) at 6-12 hps, and 12-24 hps with ICPs, respectively. Upregulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, was recorded at 6-24 hps with ICPs, as compared to that controls. Expressions of cell-mediated immune factor genes (IL-12p35, IL-12p40, and IL-18) were also significantly upregulated at different time points, except 48 hps, in HK macrophages stimulated with ICPs. Furthermore, enhanced cellular (phagocytic activity and nitroblue tetrazolium assay) and humoral (lysozyme) immune parameters in stimulated cells confirmed the induction of the inflammatory response. Therefore, the results of this in vitro study indicate that the ICPs of B. subtilis VSG1 or L. plantarum VSG3 have great potential for stimulating the cytokine responses in fish, and are thereby potential immunostimulants to fish. Further studies could be conducted to explore its suitability as an adjuvant vaccine in aquaculture.