초등학교 남녀 어린이들의 6년간 신체구성과 체력 변화의 종단연구

송종국 ( Jong Kook Song ),채주희 ( Joo Hee Chai ),강효정 ( Hyo Jung Kang ),정현철 ( Hyun Chul Jung ),서명원 ( Myoung Won Seo ),김민형 ( Min Hyung Kim ),김현배 ( Hyun Bae Kim ) 한국스포츠정책과학원(구 한국스포츠개발원) 2014 체육과학연구 Vol.25 No.4

이 연구는 초등학교 1학년 7세에서부터 6학년 12세까지 6년 동안 남녀 어린이들의 신체구성과 체력의 변화와 성별 차이를 규명하기 위해서 실행되었다. 연구대상자는 2007년 초등학교 1학년에 재학 중인 7세 남자어린이 18명과 여자 어린이 19명을 포함 총 37명이었다. 연구시작에서부터 6년 동안 매년 5월 동일한 방법과 순서로 측정이 이루어졌고, 체격과 골격성숙도를 측정하였고, 신체구성요소는 DXA를 이용하여 측정하였다. 체력 측정은 외발서기, 판 두드리기, 앉아서 윗몸 앞으로 굽히기, 제자리멀리뛰기, 악력, 윗몸일으키기, 오래매달리기, 50 m 왕복달리기, PACER이었다. 남녀 어린이들의 신장(p<.01), 엉덩이둘레(p<.001), 위팔뒤 피하지방(p<.01), 허리뼈 위 피하지방(p<.01), 넙다리 중앙 피하지방(p<.001), 종아리 중아 피하지방(p<.001)에서는 성별, 측정시기에 따른 유의한 상호작용효과가 나타났으며, 피하지방을 제외한 체격요인은 남녀 공히 6년 동안 꾸준히 증가하였다. 체지방률과 골밀도는 성별, 시기에 따른 통계적으로 유의한 상호작용효과가 나타났으며, 제지방조직, 뼈무기질량과 골밀도는 남녀 모두 6년 동안 꾸준히 증가하였다. 남녀 어린이의 RUS 점수는 성별, 시기별 상호작용효과와 주효과에서 모두 유의하였다. 앉아서 윗몸 앞으로 굽히기(p<.001), 제자리멀리뛰기(p<.01), 윗몸일으키기(p<.05)에서는 성별, 연령별 유의한 상호작용효과가 나타났으며, 여자어린이들은 외발서기(9세와 10세)와 앉아서 윗몸 앞으로 굽히기(10세, 11세, 12세)에서 남자보다 우수한 성적을 보였고, 윗몸일으키기(12세)에서는 남자가 여자보다 우수하였다. 결론적으로 남녀 어린이의 체지방율과 지방조직은 11세까지 증가한 후 감소하였고, 제지방조직과 골밀도는 12세까지 증가하였다. 체력요인에서는 유연성, 순발력, 근지구력 요인이 성별, 연령에 따라 유의한 차이가 나타났다. The aim of the study was to examine the tracking of body composition and physical fitness in boys and girls for 6 years. Thirty-seven boys and girls participated throughout the study. All measurements were performed annually. Body height, body weight, circumferences and skinfold thicknesses were measured and skeletal maturity was assessed. Body composition and bone mineral density were measured by DXA. Nine physical fitness tests were administered. Results of the study showed that there are significant interaction effects of time and group for body height(p<.01), waist circumference(p<.001), and skinfolds at triceps(p<.01), suprailiac(p<.01), thigh(p<.001) and medial calf(p<.01). All anthorpometric variables except skinfold thickness increased during the study period. Significant interaction effects of time and group were found for percent body fat(p<.05) and bone mineral density(p<.01). Percent body fat and fat tissue increased in boys from 7 to 11 years, then decreased in 12 years. Lean tissue(p<.001), bone mineral content(p<.001) and bone mineral density(p<.001) increased both in boys and girls throughout the study. There were significant interaction effect of time and group on sit and reach, standing long jump and sit-ups. In conclusion, percent body fat and fat tissue increased until 11 years, lean tissue and bone mineral density increased throughout the study both in boys and girls.

대학 여자운동선수들의 고강도 훈련이 유산소능력, 골밀도와 혈중철분지표에 미치는 영향

송종국(Jong Kook Song),채주희(Joo Hee Chai),김현배(Hyun Bae Kim) 한국사회체육학회 2007 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.0 No.30

The purpose of the study was to evaluate differences of aerobic capacity, bone mineral density and hematological parameters for collegiate female athletes. The sample of the study consisted of 44 collegiate female athletes (13 for field hockey, 12 for soccer, and 19 for taekwondo). Each subject was currently training for competition. Body composition parameters and bone mineral density were measured by DXA (Hologic, QDR-4500, USA). Physical fitness tests included flamingo balance, plate tapping, sit and reach, grip strength, sit-ups, long distance jump, bent arm hang, 50m shuttle run and multi-stage shuttle. Maximal heart rate and maximal oxygen consumption during incremental treadmill exercise by a Bruce protocol. Blood samples were drawn in the morning after a 12-h fast and were spun at 3000rpm for 5min. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin were analyzed by automated instrumentation. Serum iron and total iron binding capacity were determined by auto-analyzer and transferrin saturation was calculated by dividing serum iron concentration by TIBC. All statistical analysis were carried out by the SAS computer programs. Means and standard deviations for all variables were calculated by descriptive statistics. Comparison between groups was analyzed by means of one-way ANOVA and Duncan`s a posteriori tests. The significance level was accepted at p<0.05. The results showed that significant difference(F=3.75, p<0.03) for percent body fat between groups. Taekwondo(TKD) athletes has significant lower percent body fat (21.5%) than field hockey athletes (24.4%). For physical fitness parameters soccer athletes had the lowest value for flamingo balance than those of two groups. Also soccer athletes performed best for sit & reach (25.1cm), and bent arm hang (16.7sec) compared to other two groups. Significant differences could be observed for HRmax (p<0.001) and VO2max (p<0.05) between groups. Soccer athletes (199.3, 48.6ml) had higher HRmax and VO2max than those of two groups (170.7 taekwondo, and 176.8 field hockey). Significant difference were found for bone mineral density taken at the sites of lumbar spine (p<0.05), forearm (p<0.001), proximal femur (p<0.001) and whole body (p<0.001) among groups. In general, significantly higher mean values of bone density at the site of lumbar spine (0.94g/cm2), forearm (0.55g/cm2), proximal femur (1.04g/cm2), and whole body (1.14g/cm2) were found for TKD athletes compared to control group (0.79g/cm2, 0.46g/cm2, 0.84g/cm2, 0.99g/cm2). Although no significant difference could be obtained for most hematological parameters, only significant difference (p<0.001) were found for MCV and MCH. In conclusion, significant difference between collegiate female athletes were found for physique, percent body fat, physical fitness, aerobic capacity. Soccer athletes had a lower percent body fat and better performance for balance, flexibility and muscular endurance and higher HRmax and VO2max than those of other groups. In conclusion, taekwondo training has a positive effect on physical fitness and bone mineral density in male adolescents. Further study is needed to estimate the effect of long term TKD training on body composition based on exercise intensity, and duration of training.

대학 여자선수의 운동종목별 건강관련체력과 영양섭취상태의 비교

구본성(Bon-Sung Ku),강효정(Hyo-Jung Kang),김현배(Hyun-Bae Kim),채주희(Joo-Hee Chai),송종국(Jong-Kook Song) 경희대학교 스포츠과학연구원 2008 태권도과학 Vol.1 No.2

The purpose of the study was to determine differences in health-related fitness and nutrition intake by exercise type in collegiate female athletes. Thirty collegiate female athletes (10 for taekwondo, 10 for field hockey, and 10 for soccer) participated in this study. Mean ages for each group were 19.1 years for Taekwondo, 18.9 years for field hockey, and 20.6 years for soccer. Body weight and height were measured. Body composition parameters were determined by DXA (Hologic, QDR-4500, USA). Health-related fitness included sit and reach, grip strength, sit-ups, and cardio-respiratory endurance. Maximal heart rate and maximal oxygen consumption were assessed during incremental treadmill exercise using by a Bruce protocol. Nutrition intake was evaluated from three randomly assigned days of diet records, including one weekend day and two weekdays. From these records, average daily intakes of the nutrients were estimated using Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis Program (CANAP, Korean Nutrition Association). One-way ANOVA and Duncan's a posteriori tests were utilized to analyze the data. The significance level was set at p < .05. The results showed that significant differences could be obtained for lean tissue (F = 4.32, p < .02) and grip strength (F = 24.39, p < .0001) between groups. Field hockey athletes had significantly higher mean values for both lean tissue and grip strength than those of soccer athletes. With regard to the nutrition intake, there were significant difference for total calory intake, protein, fat, phosphorus, serum, and zinc between groups. Field hockey athletes had significantly higher mean values for total calory (2766.6 ± 566.32kcal), protein (103.8 ± 27.74g), fat (92.0 ± 33.81g), phosphorus ron (1301.8 ± 259.32mg) and zinc (13.1 ± 3.67 mg) than those of other two groups. In conclusion, collegiate female athletes from different sports had different lean tissue, grip strength, and nutrition intake.