인체각막상피유사모델을 이용한 농약의 안점막자극성 평가

조유미(Youmi Jo),이주연(Ju Yeon Lee),박수진(Soojin Park),유아선(Are-Sun You),오진아(Jin A Oh),이제봉(Je Bong Lee),박연기(Yeon-Ki Park),정미혜(Mihye Jeong) 한국농약과학회 2018 농약과학회지 Vol.22 No.3

In vitro tests have currently accepted by the regulatory authorities for the identification of ocular irritant. However, there have been few studies conducted with agrochemical formulations. Also, ocular irritation potentials of plant protection products registered in Korea have been evaluated by the Korean Pesticide Control Act, not GHS classification system. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the reconstructed cornea-like epithelium (RhCE) models, EpiOcular<SUP>TM</SUP> and HCE<SUP>TM</SUP>, could be used to predict eye irritation potentials according to Korean and GHS classification scheme. Based on the OECD test guideline 492, EpiOcular<SUP>TM</SUP> and HCE<SUP>TM</SUP> models were incubated respectively with 28 agrochemicals and the cell viability was measured as a parameter for irritation. The specificities of EpiOcular<SUP>TM</SUP> model were 50% and 25% for the Korean and GHS classification systems, meaning that it was necessary to enhance the predictive for ocular non-irritants. However, the sensitivities of EpiOcularTM model were 100% for the both systems. The specificities of HCE<SUP>TM</SUP> model were higher than those of another model, but the sensitivities were relatively decreased for both scheme. However, because the overall specificity and sensitivity are high, HCE<SUP>TM</SUP> would be useful tools for in vitro eye irritation testing when sensitivity is improved. RhCE models are suitable to evaluate ocular irritant pesticide for Korean classification system than GHS system. Taken together, nonanimal testing using RhCE model was suitable to identify irritant materials and could be used as one of the testing strategies with other in vitro or in vivo tests.

농약 제품 및 원제의 급성경구독성과 급성경피독성 비교 평가

조유미(Youmi Jo),박수진(Soojin Park),유아선(Are-Sun You),오진아(Jin A Oh),이제봉(Je Bong Lee),박연기(Yeon-Ki Park),이주연(Ju Yeon Lee),정미혜(Mihye Jeong) 한국농약과학회 2018 농약과학회지 Vol.22 No.3

The Korean Pesticide Control Act requires acute oral and dermal toxicity tests for hazard classification and labelling of agrochemicals to protect human health. In this study, we investigated whether acute oral toxicity testing for pesticides and active ingredients could be used to determine acute dermal hazard category and acute systemic toxicity. This retrospective analysis used oral and dermal LD<SUB>50</SUB> data for 511 end-use products and 72 active ingredients submitted to RDA for registration. The concordance of oral and dermal hazard classification was 78% and 77.9% of products by RDA and GHS system, respectively. The acute oral toxicity was more potent than the acute dermal toxicity for 13.5% and 21.9% of products by RDA and GHS system. Using the oral hazard category as a predictor for dermal hazard, 91.5% and 99.7% of end-use products, by each RDA and GHS system, would have the same or more conservative dermal hazard category and therefore would have more protective hazard labelling. Also, the oral hazard category derived from oral LD<SUB>50</SUB> was the same as or over-classified the dermal hazard category from dermal LD<SUB>50</SUB> for 100% of active ingredients. However, when oral LD<SUB>50</SUB> was used for dermal toxicity category of active ingredients without acute dermal toxicity testing data, over-prediction of dermal hazard was 21.4% which indicates that oral LD<SUB>50</SUB> are sufficiently protective for acute dermal hazard classification. Taken together, dermal acute systemic toxicity data hardly provides additory value in regulatory decision making.

국내 공시 유기농업자재의 독성과 안전성평가

이제봉(Je Bong Lee),조유미(Youmi Jo),유아선(Are-Sun You),오진아(Jin-A Oh),박수진(Soojin Park),이주연(Juyeon Lee),박연기(Yeon Ki Park),정미혜(Mihye Jeong),홍수명(Su-Myeong Hong) 한국농약과학회 2018 농약과학회지 Vol.22 No.3

This study was conducted to evaluate the toxicity and risk of organic agricultural materials (OAMs) allowed in Korea, and to secure the safety to human and environment. As of April 2018, the approved items of OAMs in use is 1590, of which 50% for crop growth and soil improvement materials, 16.2% for crop growth, 15.6% for pest control, 11.6% for disease control, 4.5% for disease and pest control, and 2.1% soil improvement. It is known that there are about 50 kinds of active ingredients of OAMs products, such as azadirachtin, acetophenone, capsaicin and so on. Their toxicities are low except for several active ingredients. In review of cancer, ethanol and anthraquinone are classified as Category 1 and 2B, respectively. The acute oral and dermal toxicity categories of OAMs products were classified as Class III (moderate toxicity), 6 and 33 items, respectively, and remainder were classified as Class IV (low toxicity). In the case of irritation test, when the pH is ≤2.0 or ≥11.5, it is classified as strong. Also, 10 items were classified as strong irritants for both skin and eye and only the one item was classified as that for eye. All of the acute fish toxicity were equal or more than 2.0 ppm and, for acute daphnia toxicity, 3 items were equal or less than 0.5 ppm, 7 items were 0.5-2.0 ppm and 17 items were equal or more than 2.0 ppm. The remainder were microbial or exempted products from tests. In bee tests, only 6 products were considered to be risk and the result of risk assessment for applicator and fish were evaluated as safe.

농약 품목에 대한 GHS 기준과 농진청 기준에 따른 자극성 산출 후 자극성 분류 차이 비교

유아선(Are-Sun You),오진아(Jin A Oh),박수진(Soojin Park),조유미(Youmi Jo),이제봉(Je Bong Lee),이난희(Nanhee Lee),이주연(Ju Yeon Lee),임양빈(Yangbin Ihm) 한국농약과학회 2016 농약과학회지 Vol.20 No.4

GHS was compared with that of current RDA directives in skin and eye irritation for plant protection products (PPPs). According to the result of evaluation and classification of skin and eye irritation by RDA directives and GHS for 59 PPPs, 25.5% of PPPs were changed the classification of skin irritation from slightly and moderately by RDA directives to Not Classified by GHS, and 45.8% of PPPs were changed the classification of eye irritation from slightly by RDA directives to Not Classified by GHS. 6.8% of PPPs in skin irritation and 5.1% in eye irritation were classified more highly as category 1 by GHS because of irreversible effect. According to the result of comparison with GHS classification by data of irritation study for PPPs and by GHS classification and concentration of active substances, 25.5% was changed more lowly and 3.4% more highly in skin irritation, and 25.4% was changed more lowly and 11.9% more highly in eye irritation. It is needed to draw a plan to supplement for other results between GHS and RDA directives.

다양한 피부흡수율 default에 따른 농약살포 노출량 산출 및 농작업자 위해성 평가

유아선(Are-Sun You),이난희(Nanhee Lee),박수진(Soojin Park),조유미(Youmi Jo),오진아(Jin A Oh),이제봉(Je Bong Lee),박연기(Yeon-Ki Park),이주연(Ju Yeon Lee) 한국농약과학회 2017 농약과학회지 Vol.21 No.4

Occupational risk of plant protection products is assessed with Ko-POEM (tier 1, 2) and field data (tier 3) in Korea but default of dermal absorption is fixed as 10% in Korean guidance unlikely to EU guidance. In case of application of EU guidance, the risk was considered to increase because 10% dermal absorption is minimum default. physical characteristic and contents of active substances (a.s.) was investigated and default of dermal absorption was classified for 131 products according to EU guidance. It was investigated to change the operator risk through assessment by different default of dermal absorption with Ko-POEM. 22 case among 169 case (a.s.+content) were classified as 10% default of dermal absorption in mixing and application, 109 case as 25% and 38 case as 75% in mixing. As a result of assessment of 223 case for 131 products with Ko-POEM, 43 case with PPE were indicated the risk was high in Korean guidance and 121 case in EFSA guidance with Ko-POEM. 107 case with PPE among 121 case were indicated the risk was high with lower oral absorption than dermal absorption. The high risk assessed by the different default of dermal absorption was 2.5 times more than the high risk by only 10% default. Therefore, it is expected to increase requirement for field study or removal of application crops.

잔디사용 살균제의 살포자 및 출입자 위해성평가

이제봉(Je Bong Lee),유아선(Are-Sun You),오진아(Jin-A Oh),박수진(Soojin Park),조유미(Youmi Jo),이난희(Nanhee Lee),박연기(Yeon Ki Park) 한국농약과학회 2018 농약과학회지 Vol.22 No.2

There are about 1,900 pesticides registered and 280 pesticides are using only grass protection in Korea. In this study, we evaluated the risk of applicators and passengers exposure by fungicides registered on lawn. Based on this study, we intend to contribute to the establishment of non-agricultural pesticide safety management system. The toxicity of acute oral and dermal exposure was investigated for major 29 fungicides registered for lawn. Restricted entry interval (REI) were set according to the degrees of toxicity were used in USA and Canada. We also assessed the risk of the fungicide applicators and passengers exposure with the current Korea pesticide operator exposure model (Ko-POEM) and US standard operating procedures (SOP) for residential pesticide exposure assessment guideline. The 29 pesticide products consisted of 24 active ingredients, and all 24 were classified as acute toxicity categories III, and REI was set to 12 hours. 12 hours REI can not be accessed until 4 hours after application. However, the certified farmer who wears protective clothing and personal protective equipment can enter for an hour after 4~8 hours and can do works that does not have direct contact with the pesticide sprayed crop after 8~12 hours. As a result of evaluating Ko-POEM using 6 hours 8 hectors spraying a day scenario, 7 items were evaluated as requiring additional high tier test. In the scenario that US SOP for residential pesticide exposure assessment guideline was applied, Hose-end sprayer and 4 hectors spraying a day were used. Results of evaluating, both the applicator and passenger were required additional test on 11 items. Because these results were evaluated using the worst case scenario, it was judged that further detailed study would be necessary.