중동 근대 국민국가 건설

정상률(Jung, Sang-Ryul) 한국중동학회 2014 韓國 中東 學會 論叢 Vol.34 No.4

In a long Islamic history, Islam and tribalism has been mixed and coexisted through a process of acceptance and exclusion of the several identities. Modern Middle Eastern nation state that has been built by transplantation of Western forms of nation state - territorial state or sovereign state – by force reached today through a process of acceptance and exclusion each other. In this regard, I will analyze about the process of nation state building and identity fusion phenomenon of the Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Libya in this article. There are many overseas research books concerning "The Middle Eastern modern nation-states building" but are few research books on this subject in Korea. These research books are ones such as general description concerning historical aspects, culture, politics and the parliamentary system, the economy, national ideology, conflict and terrorism. In this paper, I analyzed the process of nation-state building, and that since the nation state building, the various identities mixed each other and we can see identity fusion phenomenon in Middle Eastern states today. Analysing method in this article is narrative method, and analysing states are Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Libya.

샤리아의 배교죄와 인권

정상률(Jung Sang Ryul) 한국중동학회 2018 韓國 中東 學會 論叢 Vol.38 No.3

This paper discusses execution and the problem of punishment for the apostasy of Saudi Arabia in the context of human rights. Islamic states such as Saudi Arabia and Iran are subject to various punishments such as death penalty(beheading, dialysis ....), flagellation(lashing), confinement, amputation of hand and foot, exile, exhortation, social isolation and fines. The issue of human rights is raised for several punishments such as dialysis, flagellation (lashing), and amputation of hand and foot. The United Nations ‘Universal Declaration of Human Rights’ and International human rights organizations such as Amnesty International are demanding the abolition of the death penalty, and in particular, punishment for the sins of apostasy (including death, imprisonment, flagellation and lashing). The criticism of the punishment for apostate sins is also intensifying. Saudi Arabia is an Islamic state with the Koran and Hadith as constitution, and although there are not many cases, the execution of apostasy in Saudi Arabia has received much criticism. Recently, Saudi Arabia is undergoing major political changes. There seems to be a tendency for changes in the level of human rights during political changes. However, it is still skeptical whether a big change in relation to punishment for apostasy will come.

마우두디(Abul A’ala Maududi)의 정치경제 사상

정상률(Jung, Sang-Ryul) 한국중동학회 2012 韓國 中東 學會 論叢 Vol.33 No.1

Abul A’ala Maududi was a Pakistani journalist, theologian, Muslim revivalist leader and political philosopher, and a controversial 20th century Islamist thinker. He was also a political figure in Pakistan and was the first recipient of King Faisal International Award for his services 1979. He was also the founder of Jamaat-e-Islami, the Islamic revivalist party and revolutionary organization. He dreamed Islamization of Pakistan society and made an effort to construct Islamic state as an ideal type in Pakistan. He had the transhistorical view of the Islamic state as what Bert de Vries said; ① Every act in the Islamic state is a religious act. This is something that the Prophet Muhammad believed to be the case. ② The state of Medina was a perfect theocracy. ③ In Islamic societies, there is no distinction between the spiritual and political realms, for God express His will directly and clearly to humankind through the body politic. A harmony between humankind and state is therefore achieved. ④ The Qur’an is the literal word of God, communicated through the Prophet Muhammad. It is not simply a ‘holy book’, but a comprehensive guide to every aspect of the Muslim life. ⑤ As the Islamic state is governed by divine law, its full citizens must, by implication, be Muslim. Looking back at the first Islamic state, the ummah consisted of those who had submitted to the will of God. ⑥ The following are characteristic theocratic institutions of the Islamic state: ⅰ. The Caliphate. Prophethood ended with Muhammad, but the role of political leader of the state was passed on in the form of the Caliph; the‘successor’ of prophet of God. The first four Caliphs are considered ‘rightly guided’(rashidun), because they lived concurrently with the Prophet and knew him personally. ⅱ. The ulama. Although it is often stated that there is no ‘priesthood’ in Islam, the ulama-as experts in the Islamic sciences-have often in the past wielded considerable authority. As interpreters of God’s will, they are often seen as the guardians of theocracy and a check against the abuse of power by the political authorities. Maududi’s Islamic reform thought was a kind of an Islamic campaign for enlightenment, and movement of anti foreign influence, anti secularization, Islamic state building. He thought that ideal, perfect Islamic state was such Islamic theocracy as balance of power by separation of power, as guaranteed several right of freedom but not be against divine law politically. And he thought also that ideal, perfect Islamic state was such Islamic capitalism as permission of private ownership but thorough prohibition of haram. I think that theocratic democracy combined Islam and democracy must be a goal that Islam societies today aims for.

팔레스타인 국가수립 추진에 대한 오바마 정부의 외교정책 분석

정상률 ( Sang Ryul Jung ) 한국중동학회 2013 韓國 中東 學會 論叢 Vol.33 No.3

중동분쟁과 석유-가스 파이프라인의 정치경제

정상률(Jung, Sang-Ryul) 한국중동학회 2015 韓國 中東 學會 論叢 Vol.36 No.2

국제분쟁은 왜 발생하는가? 대부분의 국제정치학자들은 국제분쟁 원인이 인간의 생물학적․심리학적 원인, 국가(국내) 정치구조, 무정부적 국제정치 구조에 있음을 강조한다. 대부분의 분쟁은 위 세 원인이 중복되어, 즉 ‘복합적 원인’으로 인해서 발생한다. 중동에서의 많은 분쟁도 정치 지도자의 공격적 개성, 중동 국가들의 국내 구조 및 중동 국제구조에 원인이 있다. 종교-종파, 민족적-종족적 이해, 정파의 이해, 경제적 이해, 석유와 가스 및 파이프라인 등은 중동 국가들의 국내 구조 및 중동 국제관계를 구성한다. 본 글에서 필자는 ‘2003년 미국-이라크 전쟁(이라크 전쟁, 제2차 걸프전쟁)’과 최근 ‘IS와의 전쟁’도 몇 가지 원인이 중첩되어 발생하고 심화되며, 장기화되는 것으로 분석했다. 그중에서도 석유와 가스 및 파이프라인이 중요한 분쟁 원인이 되고 있음을 확인하였다. 2003년 미-이라크 전쟁은 미국 내 네오콘 그룹 구성원들의 석유산업과의 연관성, 미국의 이라크 석유 생산 통제권과 유가 결정의 통제권 확보가 주요원인이었다. 이는 분쟁원인의 국내․국제적 구조에 그 원인이 있음을 확인한것이다. ‘IS와의 전쟁’은 걸프에서 생산된 가스를 유럽으로 수출하기 위한 가스 파이프라인 계획이 중요한 원인이자 전쟁의 장기화 원인이라고 평가된다.2014년 9월 22일부터 시리아지역 IS에 대한 공습으로 시작된 IS와의 전쟁은 장기화 조짐을 보이고 있다. IS의 다양한 형태의 잔인한 인권유린 행위에 대해 IS격퇴의 필요성이 대두했음에도 불구하고 IS와의 전쟁이 장기화될 조짐을 보이는 것은 시리아를 지나가는 석유․가스 파이프라인의 정치경제 때문이다. 위두 전쟁 원인으로 보아, 석유와 가스가 신의 축복, 검은 진주이기도 하지만, 악마의 저주가 되는 것임을 확인했다. 따라서 석유와 가스 및 파이프라인이 가지 는 정치경제적 함의는 중동 국제관계에서 매우 크다고 할 수 있다. There have been several disputes and wars in the Middle East since World War Ⅱ. Disputes and wars in the Middle East show the same ‘complex causes of war’ as disputes in other area and in the other era. There are the same several identitiesas as Asabiyya identity, Qawmiyyah Arabiyyah identity, Ummah identity, Wataniya identity, and Oil rentier identity in the Middle East, and it is said that dispute in the Middle East is ‘the crisis of identity.’ Generally speaking, natural and offensive human instinct, domestic political structure in each country, anarchical structure in international relations are the causes of war and dispute, and dispute and war comes about in mixing these causes of war and dispute. In this paper, I supposed that the most of disputes and wars in Middle East show ‘complex causes of war’ and especially oil, gas, pipeline is one of the most important causes of war and dispute. And then, I did analyzed ‘the 2003 America-Iraq war’ and ‘the War on IS’ as case studies. In conclusion, America’s intention that wanted to control Iraqi oil and oil price was an important cause of ‘2003 America-Iraq war’, and planed energy pipeline connecting Iran-Iraq-Syria-EU and the intention of Arab countries that want to obstruct building of this pipeline is one of the several causes of ‘war on IS’. In other words, domestic political structure and anarchical international structure of the modern nation-state system is the cause of these two wars.

DABIQ에 나타난 IS의 칼리파제론 연구

정상률(Jung, Sang-Ryul),이종화(Lee, Jong-Wha) 한국중동학회 2015 韓國 中東 學會 論叢 Vol.35 No.3

Ultimate goal of Islamic State(IS), which is based on Iraq-Sham/Lebant and is expanding its control area, is to establish Khilafah, in other words Islamic State. IS separate the world into Dar al-Islam and Dar al-Harb, and then is pursuing expansion of Dar al-Islam. IS has designed its road map to accomplish this goal as following; hijrah(emigration) →Jamaah(congregation) →destabilization taghut(idolatry) → tamkin(consolidation) → Khilafah(Caliphate). This study is aimed at a critical review on Khilafah(Califate), Islamic state which IS want to establish ultimately through analysis of digital journals for public relations, DABIQ ISSUE series(DABIQ ISSUE NO.1~DABIQ ISSUE NO.6). IS began to publish DABIQ ISSUE series on July, 2014, and on January, 2015, DABIQ ISSUE NO.6 was published. Khilafah is the same kind of Islamic theocracy that several Islamic philosophers or Islamic thinkers deemed a ideal community and many political Islamic organizations longed for establishment. I am sure that, in the basis of this analysis, we can understand what IS’s concluding goal is and what its strategy to establish Khilafah is, and that we can respond to IS’s action.

America First와 Dar al-Islam 간 중동 패권 경쟁과 중동평화

정상률(Jung, Sang-Ryul) 한국중동학회 2019 韓國 中東 學會 論叢 Vol.39 No.3

America First policy of the Trump government and Dar al-Islam of Iran and IS are ideologies and policies based on a dichotomous philosophy. These two ideologies and policies are clashing politically, economically and militarily in the Middle East. Within Dar al-Islam, there is a conflict between Iran, the Shia state, and IS, Sunni political Islamic group. This phenomenon is not explained as a clash of civilization nor is it explained by the struggle of ideology between capitalism and communism in the Cold War. In this paper, I argue that the collision between A.F, which is the expression of American centrism since the Trump administration took place in the United States, and Dar al-Islam, is not a clash of civilizations based on religion, nor a conflict between capitalism and communism. Maybe, it is a kind of conflict of interest. Therefore, it is still a rash judgment to interpret the clashes in the Middle East as the new Cold War of the Middle East . America First and Dar al-Islam are a kind of extremism, and a dispute in the Middle East that such extremism exists is inevitable. Peace in the Middle East will be determined by the decline of extremism.

샤리아 기반 이슬람사회의 여성 지위 - S.M.하메네이의 여성관을 중심으로 -

정상률 ( Jung Sang-ryul ) 한국외국어대학교 중동연구소 2017 중동연구 Vol.36 No.2

What is the status of women in Islamic society and in the home? In particular, what is the status of women in Iran, Shi’ite Islam country? This paper attempts to answer these questions by introducing and analyzing the viewpoint of woman that is shown in Iran's Shi’ite Ulama, S.M. Khamenei's work, The Philosophy of Being a Woman. It is because the female view of S.M. Khamenei, who is Ulama, is judged to represent Iranian Shi’ite sect Muslims, especially the female viewpoint of Ulamas. S.M. Khamenei emphasizes the fact that European Christian society has a wrong viewpoint of woman based on Judaism and Christianity and that it is contrary to nature (natural law), and he also emphasizes that Islam has a female viewpoint according to God's law, nature (natural law) principle. However, if we evaluate based on modern feminist perspectives including Islamic feminism, S.M.Khamenei‘s viewpoint of woman can be said to represent the position of Islamic fundamentalism. It needs to be reinterpreted and applied in the historical, cultural and social context of Shariah's provisions on women.

지역연구의 종합성, 학제성과 한국의 MENA지역 연구

정상률(Jung, Sang-Ryul) 한국중동학회 2020 韓國 中東 學會 論叢 Vol.40 No.3

Area studies began long ago on a travel diary but today area studies which is characterized by practicality, synthesis and integration, interdisciplinary, consilience germinated during World War I and began to become a major study at U.S.A. in the postwar period. Area studies began at the level of ‘practicality and utility , which required synthesis, interdisciplinary, convergent and consilience research. At the academic level, however, there has been a debate over academic hegemony between the disciplines(division studies) and area studies. After a fierce debate, there is a convergence between ‘the methodology of division studies’ and ‘the regional specificity of area studies’. Korea s MENA area studies began in 1980 with the publication of the Korean Journal of Middle East Studies, and it began to grow into a practical and interdisciplinary discipline from the 1990s, with the support of area research by the government and the establishment of ‘a graduate school of international and area studies’ in universities. However, when analyzing the papers published in the KJMES, some purpose has been achieved, but there are still insufficient aspects in terms of research methods called ‘area studies’.

이란의 핵-미사일 프로그램에 대한 국제적 대응과 JCPOA 이행 계획

정상률 ( Jung Sang Ryul ) 한국외국어대학교 글로벌정치연구소 2016 글로벌정치연구 Vol.9 No.2

2015년 7월 14일, P5+1(중, 프, 러, 미, 영, 독)과 이란은 이란핵 무제 해결에 합의했다. 이란핵 협상 합의서인 `포괄적 공동행동계획`(JCPOA: Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action)의 주요 내용은 `이란이 핵무기 개발을 포기하고 오직 평화적 목적을 위해서만 핵프로그램 및 핵에너지 권한을 갖는 대신에 이란이 핵 활동을 억제하는 것을 IAEA가 검증하면 미국 및 서구 국가들은 이란에 대한 경제제재를 해제한다`는 것이다. 본 논문은 이란 핵 위기에 대한 국제사회의 대응, 협상 결과물인 JCPOA의 주요 내용과 이행 계획, JCPOA에 대한 주요 국가행위자들의 반응을 중심으로 논한다. 본 논문은 특정 이론에 기반하여 작성하지 않고, 역사적, 서술적 방법으로 작성되었다. 이란 핵 위기에 대한 국제사회의 대응과 협상 결과인 JCPOA의 주요 내용 및 이행 등에 대한 연구를 통해서 우리의 최대 현안인 북핵문제에 주는 함의 및 `북한 핵 위기` 해소 방안을 찾고, 한반도와 동북아 정세의 안정적 변화 방안을 찾는데 하나의 아이디어를 제공해 줄 수 있다는 점에서 의미가 있다. On July 14, 2015, the P5+1(China, France, Germany, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States), the European Union, and Iran reached a Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action(JCPOA), known commonly as Iran nuclear deal, to ensure that If Iran advances nuclear program for only peaceful use, and the United States and the EU would lift nuclear-related sanctions on Iran. October 18, 2015 marked Adoption Day of the JCPOA, the date on which the JCPOA came into effect and participants began taking steps necessary to implement their JCPOA commitments. This article would provide us with one of the several nuclear deal cases. So, this article focuses on responses of international society to Iranian nuclear-missile crises, the process of Iranian nuclear deal, the main contents of JCPOA and its implementation plan, the responses of international society to JCPOA. This paper was written with historical, descriptive method. The implications for this paper are in providing an idea of solution plan of north Korean nuclear crisis, in looking into ways of stable transition of Northeast Asian international situations.