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영양염류 농도에 따른 부레옥잠 ( Water hyacinth ) 의 성장특성에 관한 연구
전만식,김범철 ( Man Sig Jun,Bom Chul Kim ) 한국물환경학회 1994 한국물환경학회지 Vol.10 No.2
The growth rate and the nutrients removal efficiency of water hyacinth in artificial medium were studied. Water hyacinth showed maximum growth rate at the density of 5-18㎏ wet wt./㎡, when the yield was 0.67-1.23㎏ wet wt./㎡/day. The removal rate of phosphorus and nitrogen was 153 and 1,184㎎/㎡/day, respectively. Growth rate significantly decreased at low nutrients concentration below 0.8㎎P/ℓ and 3.1㎎N/ℓ. The maximum specific growth rate(μ_(max)) of water hyacinth was 0.101day and half saturation concentration(Ks) was 0.032㎎P/ℓ and 0.410㎎N/ℓ for phosphorus and nitrogen, respectively. The shoot/root weight ratio, varying from 1.8 to 14.1, was smaller at low nutrient concentration due to the enhanced development of root. The contents of phosphorus and nitrogen in the dried tissue were 0.22-1.02% and 1.4-4.3%, respectively. The water content was 88.9-93.9%. The removal efficiencies of P and N were 90% and 71% when retention time was 5.7day, and the standing crop was 3.8㎏/㎡.
전만식(Jun Man Sig) 강원대학교 비교법학연구소 2006 江原法學 Vol.23 No.-
The Ministry of Environment has been seriously considering implementing TMDL(Total Maximum Daily Load) as a mandatory requirement on the Pal-Dang watershed due to the limited alleviation of the water pollution shown in the area and the inadequacy derived from being the only river among the other 3 rivers exempted from such system. The purpose of this paper is to analyze some of the ongoing problems associated with the TMDL and to suggest proper ways of implementing it after considering its adequacy in the implemented region. The TMDL seems appropriate and scientific at first. However, it has a great deal of systematic and technical problems to be solved prior to its implementation. From the technical point of view, insufficient data, reliability of contamination load, reduction of contaminated materials, effects of dam, limited model of water quality are some of the associated problems. Therefore, there would be more of loss than gain when TMDL becomes effective; consequently, it may lead to a policy failure and produce a heavy burden. For the management of the quality of the waterway of Han River, cooperation coming from the central and regional governments as well as effective policies for the adequate development of the upper and downstream of Han River should be preceded. For example, an average BOD per unit area should be set first. Any areas that exceed the limit should pay fines, and the areas without exceeding the limit should be given incentives or development rights accordingly. Moreover, the system of TMDL should be implemented for no other reasons but for the management of the quality of water only. It should be implemented only after resolving already existing institutional and technical problems, namely, easing up the development restrictions around the capital city as well as imposing and withdrawal of incentives. TMDL requires high social expenditure. Thus, this should not be a system built for the entire waterway. The watershed management should be implemented so as to foster the practical water quality management and save the expenses.
전만식(Man Sig Jun),김범철(Bom Chul Kim) 한국환경생물학회 1999 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.17 No.1
Nutrients removal by water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes(Mart.) Solms from nutrient enriched waters and swinery wastewater were evaluated. The contents of nitrogen and phosphorus of dried water hyacinth increased from 1.4 to 3.3% and 0.21 to 0.80% when water hyacinth available N and P in the culture medium were increased from 0.7 to 5.0 ㎎N/l and 0.06 to 1.5㎎P/l, respectively. Maximum N and P contents were found to be 4.1 and 0.90%, respectively. The significant relationship was observed between the standing crop of water hyacinth and the biomass yield per unit area and time. Biomass yield increased gradually until standing crop reached 15㎏ wet wt./㎡, and then rapidly decreased. The high biomass yield of up to 0.5㎏/㎡/day was obtained in the range of 7 to 20㎏/㎡ of standing crop. The potential removal rates of N and P by the water hyacinth during summer were found to be 2,250 to 2,710 ㎎N/㎡/day and 570 to 595㎎P/㎡/day, respectively, when 15㎏/㎡ in standing crop and nutrient concentrations of culture medium were ranged from 1.24 to 6.2㎎P/l and 3.2 to 32.5㎎N/l, respectively. Inorganic N and P concentrations of swinery wastewater were in the range of 82 to 121 ㎎N/l and 22 to 79㎎P/l, respectively. Nitrogen and P removal rates of water hyacinth cultured in swinery wastewater were found to be in the ranges of 2,000 to 2,600 ㎎N/㎡/day and 157 to 254㎎P/㎡/day, respectively, at 10 times diluted water of swinery wastewater.
고랭지 농업의 작물별 객토량 변화에 따른 토양유실 저감 분석
허성구 ( Sung Gu Heo ),전만식 ( Man Sig Jun ),박상헌 ( Sang Hun Park ),김기성 ( Ki Sung Kim ),강성근 ( Sung Keun Kang ),옥용식 ( Yong Sik Ok ),임경재 ( Kyoung Jae Lim ) 한국물환경학회 2008 한국물환경학회지 Vol.24 No.2
There is increased soil erosion potential at highland agricultural crop fields because of its topographic characteristics and site-specific agricultural management practices performed at these areas. The agricultural upland fields are usually located at the sloping areas, resulting in higher soil loss, pesticides, and nutrients in case of torrential rainfall events or typhoon, such as 2002 Rusa and 2003 MaeMi. At the highland agricultural fields, the soil reconditioning have been performed every year to decrease damage by continuous cropping and pests. Also it has been done to increase crop productivity and soil fertility. The increased amounts of soil used for soil reconditioning are increasing over the years, causing significant impacts on water quality at the receiving water bodies. In this study, the field investigation was done to check soil reconditioning status for potato, carrot, and cabbage at the Doam-dam watershed. With these data obtained from the field investigation, the Soil and Water Assesment Tool (SWAT) model was used to simulate the soil loss reduction with environment-friendly and agronomically enough soil reconditioning. The average soil reconditioning depth for potato was 34.3 cm, 48.3 cm for carrot, and 31.2 cm for cabbage at the Doam-dam watershed. These data were used for SWAT model runs. Before the SWAT simulation, the SWAT ArcView GIS Patch, developed by the Kangwon National University, was applied because of proper simulation of soil erosion and sediment yield at the sloping watershed, such as the Doam-dam watershed. With this patch applied, the Coefficient of Determination (R2) value was 0.85 and the Nash-Sutcliffe Model Efficiency (EI) was 0.75 for flow calibration. The R2 value was 0.87 and the EI was 0.85 for flow validation. For sediment simulation, the R2 value was 0.91 and the EI was 0.70, indicating the SWAT model predicts the soil erosion processes and sediment yield at the Doam-dam watershed. With the calibrated and validated SWAT for the Doam-dam watershed, the soil erosion reduction was investigated for potato, carrot, and cabbage. For potato, around 19.3 cm of soil were over applied to the agricultural field, causing 146% of more soil erosion rate, approximately 33.3 cm, causing 146% of more soil erosion for carrot, and approximately 16.2 cm, causing 44% of more soil erosion. The results obtained in this study showed that excessive soil reconditioning are performed at the highland agricultural fields, causing severe muddy water issues and water quality degradation at the Doam-water watershed. The results can be used to develop soil reconditioning standard policy for various crops at the highland agricultural fields, without causing problems agronomically and environmentally.
김범철(Bom Chul Kim),전만식(Man Sig Jun),정근(Keun Chung),정연숙(Yeon Sook Choung),황길순(Kil Son Hwang) 한국환경생물학회 1999 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.17 No.4
Distribution of biota and removal efficiency of organic matter in natural wetland systems were examined from June to October 1998. The aquatic macrophyte communities were consisted of 13 families and 22 species. The composition of occurrence species were as follows: Phragmites communis Trinius are 35%, Persicaria thunbergii Nakai are 19%, Typha angustifolia L. are 17%, Bidens tripartita L. are 16%, Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv. are 12% and others are 1%. The fauna collected from 5 sites consisted of total 6 classes of macroinvertebrates. The composition of occurrence classes were as follows: Insecta are 76%, Oligochaeta are 19%, Gastrapoda are 4% and others are 1%. These included 18 families, 7 orders of Insecta. The larve and mosquito and midges were found in wetlands. Preventive strategies are needed for the suppression of mosquito at the stage of wetland planning and design. In wetland, removal efficiency of dissolved organic carbon is low because of primary production and the background level of DOC in the wetland discharge seems to be 5 ㎎C/ℓ, but those of BOD was ca. 50%. Wetlands receiving water of low concentration can not work as purification field.[Biota, Organic matter removal, Wetland].
오염등급과 유형화 분석의 연계에 의한 북한강 최북단 유역 소하천의 수질개선방안 연구
이용석 ( Yong-seok Lee ),전만식 ( Man-sig Jun ),김문숙 ( Moon-sook Kim ) 한국물환경학회 2016 한국물환경학회지 Vol.32 No.3
In the northernmost basin of the Bukhan River, pollution sources can have a concentrated distribution. In these basins, small streams show low flow with various and rapid water quality change in low pollutants load. Therefore, a water quality improvement plan of small streams and main stem will be necessary to establish the characteristics of small streams. This study selected a representative Hwacheon-gun in the northernmost basin of the Bukhan River. Hydro analysis was performed with GIS tools using DEM. A total of 152 small streams were listed. A total of 51 survey locations were selected after applying the selection criteria. Flow rate and water qualities were investigated. Pollution sources and pollutants loads were calculated for each basin. Pollution grade and typological classification were performed by cluster analysis using standardized environmental condition factors. As a result, G04, G01, H01 locations were found to have the worst pollution grades whereas J01, P01, and P02 had less pollution. Typological analyses were able to classify six types for the surveyed small streams. An effective water quality improvement plan was obtained based on the results of pollution grade and typological analysis using environmental condition factors of this study.