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한국의 해외직접투자 현황과 기업의 대응방안 - 동남아시아 지역을 중심으로 -
오인식(In Shik Oh),홍성태(Seong Tae Hong) 한국국제통상학회 2000 국제통상연구 Vol.5 No.2
The purpose of this paper is to overview the development process of Korean foreign direct investment and identify some problems arising from those entries into foreign markets, especially Southeast Asian area and explore Korean companies` strategies to enter into overseas markets via FDI. To do this, we collected and analyzed the secondary data regarding FDI history, characteristics and case studies on Korean firms` operations in international markets. Korean foreign direct investment have following characteristics. Country selection of our investment is not so wide, but limited to some countries like Indonesia and Vietnam, where we could operate easily, not facing the challenge of the developed countries such as Japan. But these areas assume high country risk. Our investment is mainly limited to manufacturing industries. And Korean entrepreneurs are interested in ownership and prefer the wholly-owned investment type to a joint venture with local partners, resulting in having much difficulties to develop local markets and create synergy effects. In terms of the motive for going abroad, economic efficiency seeking has been prioritized. We found these attributes have been greatly influenced by the economic shock around 1997, faced by some Southeast Asian countries as well as other continents. After foreign exchange crisis, companies began to decrease their investments and take a cautious attitude toward the entry into foreign market. Korean firms must consider linkages via FDI to be a strategic choice that enhances their competiveness in a globalized market, rather than a profit-seeking motive aimed at extracting economic rent from a foreign market. Korean firms should build up firm-specific advantage based on core competence that have application in a variety of areas to provide a broad base for expansion, be widely leveraged and lower country risk. To gain competitive advantage in foreign markets, Korean companies take a prudent consideration of their strategy and structure, factor conditions, market conditions and related and supporting industries. Relationship management with local partners and environments is a key success factor in managing country risk. Investors should search for good partners and make the best use of their relationship to create synergy effects and develop relationship marketing community. We can use the strategic linkage theory and network approach to interpret the vision of Korean firms` FDI. Relationship with local partners is an adaptation process because interdepent functions and resources need to be modified and coordinated to bring a better result. These relationship oriented strategies can not be executed without the government policy-making and supporting program.
외환위기 이후 동남아지역 환경변화에 대응한 기업의 해외직접투자 전략
홍성태(Hong Seong-Tae),오인식(Oh In-Shik) 한국상품학회 2002 商品學硏究 Vol.- No.26
Foreign Direct Investment(FDI) in the Southeast Asia have played an important role in the economic growth over the 1980s and 1990s. However, the financial crisis during the latter half of 1990s paralyzed these countries' economy and put these countries into depression. It was expected that despite the financial crisis, many of the determinants of FDI such as host government inducement and deregulatory policies and market size remain attractive in the long run, and therefore a fall in FDI is likely only in the short or medium term. FDI flows to developing Asia as a whole have weathered the financial crisis. But this attractiveness for FDI did not mean the whole social and economic system in this area kept unchanged. Many prominent changes took place in th environment for attracting inward FDI. Many factors such as the increase of country risk, government inducement policy, deep depression of global economy, devaluation and social instability can be enumerated. The development and emergence of China as a global economic power will also influence this region. The significant change as a result of the financial crisis was in the country of origin of the investor. Intra-Asian investment has been replaced by large purchases of Asian firms by investors from non-Asian OECD countries, particularly by American, British and Dutch. This made the competition in this area more intense and global. Korean firms' FDI into this region was continuously declined. Furthermore, many companies, which had not gained competitiveness, divested from the region. In terms of the motivation to enter into this area via FDI, many investors seek to various reasons like market development and R&D instead of cost efficiency. Responding to these environmental and market characteristic change, more proactive and effective strategies could be proposed for Korean firms to build competitiveness and make profits through FDI. First of all, risk management should be prioritized. To do this, analytical and systematic market research and evaluation process should be implemented before the investment. Firms with global vision and strategy, should build up core competence to offset the cost of foreignness. Marketing plans and programs should be adapted to local culture and consumers. Relationship marketing rather than the conventional transaction approach is highly recommended. Relationships between the firm and its customers, suppliers, distributors, and other environments with whom the company wishes to maintain long-term relationships are recognized as a significant aspect of enduring success. Relational networks are more influential factor in Southeast Asia characterized by the critical role of Chinese capital. Korean firms' further investments into this region should be made with various industries such as service and high-tech field. Following the trend that M&As as a mode of entry for FDI are popular in global economy, Korean firms can utilize this entry mode to reduce risk.
오인식 ( In Shik Oh ) 상명대학교 사회과학연구소 2005 社會科學硏究 Vol.20 No.-
한국과 베트남은 공식적인 외교관계를 수립한지 이제 10년이 조금 넘었으나, 수교 후 활발한 경제협력관계를 유지하여 왔다. 경제협력은 특히 국제무역과 직접투자분야에서 두드러진 성과를 보였다. 양국간 무역은 지난 10여년간 매년 20% 이상 증가하여 2003년에는 그 규모가 30억 달러를 넘어섰다. 한국기업의 베트남에 대한직접투자도 지속적으로 증가하고 있다. 이 같이 급성장하여 온 양국간 경제협력 관계를 지속적으로 확대시키기 위해서는 당면 현안을 파악하고 이를 해결하기 위한 노력이 필요하다. 이 논문에서는 양국간 무역분야에서의 당면과제를 도출하고 해결방안을 제시하고자 한다.