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吳金成 명청사학회 2003 명청사연구 Vol.19 No.1
朝鮮時代士大夫對明淸史的認識, 已經到達了連當時的中國紳士也能認可的相當水平. 但是現代史觀來看, 應該說韓國的明淸史硏究是光復以後才開始的. 特別是1983年10月, 東洋史學會下明淸史學會以來, 我們可以期待着타飛躍的發展了. 韓國的明淸時代社會經濟史硏究的先驗者是聞斗基敎授, 聞敎授爲了解明中國近代社會的源流, 硏究了明末淸初的紳士層問題, 幷于1973年出版了 「中國近代史硏究」. 以後, 筆者的「中國近世社會經濟史硏究」(1986), 兪長根敎授的「近代中國秘密結社」(1996), 宋正洙敎授的「中國近代鄕村社會史硏究」91997), 田炯權敎授的「中國近代社會經濟史硏究」(1997) 等論者相續出版. 2002年祐出版了朴元고敎授的「明淸徽州宗族史硏究」, 金衝鐘敎授的「淸末新政期的硏究-江蘇省的新政和紳士層-」, 李俊甲敎授的「中國四川社會硏究 1644∼1911」, 鄭哲雄敎授的「歷史和環境-以中國明淸時代爲中心-」等論者. 而且, 也飜譯出版了25種外國的重要著作, 解決了明淸史硏究者迫切的渴望. 영一方面, 從個別論文可以看出, 這一時期對農業方面, 手工業方面, 稅役制度方面, 人口移動, 商人和長途販運, 都市和定期市, 民衆運動, 宗族結合, 民間信仰和宗敎結社, 社會階層, 寺廟問題, 大運河等方面, 都進行了大量的硏究, 可以說包含了社會經濟史的全部領域. 更加可喜的是, 以新進學者爲中心, 利用宏觀和微觀的硏究方法, 正在活躍的進行着區域史和宗族問題的硏究. 綜上所述, 在過去的半個世紀, 韓國的明淸史硏究取得了飛速的發展. 但是, 也存在許多値得我們反省的問題. 卽, (1) 分明的問題意識, (2) 徹底收集和檢索與硏究對象有關的基本資料及理解的問題, (3) 尊重和充分消化現存的硏究成果, (4) 論文구成和展開論旨的論理性, (5) 古典漢文的解讀等方面還存在着不足之處. 還需要我們經常地與自己的硏究主題不斷地接觸, 對話, 自然而然地到我們的硏究主題所處的當時時代去漫遊的姿態. 而且, 還要擴大我們硏究的對象和眼光, 使我們硏究的主題更加豊富多彩. 幷且, 要將我們的硏究範圍擴大到淸末, 筆者不認爲19世紀中葉是我們硏究的下限. 可以說韓國的中國史硏究條件比較好, 我們要互相激勵, 切嵯, 在以後的日子里就期待着取得更加豊厚的果實파.
陽明學과 明末 江西 吉安府의 紳士 : 書院 講學을 中心으로
吳金成 명청사학회 2004 명청사연구 Vol.0 No.21
During the Ming period the Ji'an prefecture was a well known place for its highly developed intellectual circumstances, though it was not an economically prosperous region. It had the huge number of civil service examination degree holders (jinshi 進士), with the ration of 1/3 relative to the total number of the degree holder in the Jiangxi province. About for 100 years during the reigns from Hungwu (洪武 1368~1398) to Chenghua (1465-1487), the ratio of the number of jinshi reached to the 10% of the total number of jinshi through whole country. During his stay in the official position as the governor of southern Jiangxi(南??巡撫), Wang Yang-ming concretely developed his own philosophy, later called the Learning of Wang Yang-ming. Though he was obsessed with military work in his official position, he energetically conducted academic activities including opening private academy (shuyuan 書院) and teaching students. That is the reason why he had many disciples from Jiangxi province, especially from the Ji'an prefecture. The number of private academy in Jiangxi province was higher than that of any other province in the country due to the activities of Wang Yang-ming and his disciples, and also due to the Jiangxi gentries who were provoked by the former. The gentries of the Ji'an prefecture, influenced by Wnag Yang-ming, also actively opened private academies as a part of their works in the public sphere. Ji'an had the highest number of private academy in the whole province. Regardless it was established before or after the stay of Yang-ming, any private academy of Jiangxi was under the influenced of Yang-ming and his school. When a private academy was to be built or repaired, gentries decided to do that work first before they asked permission from local government. Gentries actively intervened the whole process of construction or of repair including operating public opinion, mobilization of manpower, collection of donation, and even the directing of the work. The management of the academy was also the responsibility of the gentries. Scarcely, local officials raised suggestion for the construction or repair first, but they could launch that work only with an agreement from the side of gentries, and they could complete the work only by the support of the gentries. Any official positioned to this ji'an prefecture maintained a close and friendly relationship with the gentries of this region whether they were Yang-ming's disciples or not. Gentries, on the other hand, secured leadership in their society by the close connection with the local officials, as well as by strengthening the sense of integrity among the members of the gentry group through the scholarly activities in the academy such as lecture and discussion on philosophical issues.