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안흥순(Hong Soon Ahn) 한국사회보장학회 2000 사회보장연구 Vol.16 No.1
Since April 1, 1999 the Reformation of the Social Pension Insurance(henceforth SPI) has turned its way toward a universal insurance for the income security of the retired people. The primary purpose of SPI is to guarantee an adequate level of living standards for people after their retirement through social solidarity and to secure them from poverty. However, social policy makers understand SPI as a social security system that guarantees the needs for an existential minimum. The reason is that they have lived in the world where a man is regarded as only a social animal. They do not admit the fact that a man is also an economical animal, and they make little account of the distributive justice that is based on productivity. A social insurance determines a premium simply by the market income multiplied by a fixed ratio. In the determination, people are insured with the veil of ignorance about their social characteristics such as age, sexuality, a family relation, a physical state, an expected span of life, etc. Besides, the social solidarity for survivors pension, family aid, and division pension for the separation improves social equality. Here, we already have the effect of income redistribution at the connection of social solidarity to the principle of insurance. However, failing to reach the optimal balance between incomings and outgoings per person, SPI in Korea causes an inequality in interpersonal redistribution. That is, the fixed monthly income grade of SPI results in a negative effect to income redistribution, and it stimulates people to declare their income lower and thus to subscribe their contract with a lower standard monthly income and in a short term. Especially, the more a member of SPI who works in a private company is young, and the more his income raises, and the more his term of insurance is long, the more he loses. This is because social policy makers, forgetting the principle of the adequate balance between incomes and outgoings that is important in a social insurance, try to guarantee only an existential minimum based upon the principle of provision on the whole. But the social benefit of SPI is not a gift from the state but a right given at the cost of a premium. Consequentially, by collecting a SPI premium from the poor and the low-income brackets who are living under an existential minimum, and by paying them pensions under minimum living expenses, the state expands the low-income brackets as well as punishes an increased income of the market. If SPI plays its role as a social insurance, it should arrive at an adequate social balance between incomings and outgoings and between economic productivity and social equality, and it should establish social consensus for the income redistribution among persons, social classes and generations with regard to a social risk, a financial burden, and a pension for old age. If we leave the solution to our next generation for the reason that the problem is difficult to solve, then they will blame the burden on us and say, You leaned us only a burden. Our generation will have to say to the next generation that we have tried to our best to make SPI play its role rightly. It`s time for SPI to be reformed radically from the direction of realizing the distributive justice.
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실내/외 스모그 챔버에서의 방향족계 탄화수소의 광화학 반응 비교 연구
동종인,안흥순 한국환경과학회 2005 한국환경과학회지 Vol.14 No.2
The number of cases exceeding environmental standards of atmospheric ozone in the major cities in Korea has steadily increased during the past decades. In order to understand and analyze the atmospheric reactions in the atmosphere, especially the secondary photochemical reactions, smog chambers studies have been performed very actively by many research groups worldwide. However, these studies have focused on the mechanism of photochemical reactions in high concentration conditions, not at the ambient levels. Therefore, in-depth studies in these conditions are essentially needed to realize exact mechanism in the atmosphere near the earth surface, especially at Korean atmospheric conditions. In this experiment, the mechanism of photochemical smog was examined through a comparative experiment of smog chambers under sun light and black light conditions. The results of our study indicated that concentrations of ozone, aldehyde, and PAN increased as the radiation of light source increases. Photochemical reaction patterns can be considered quite similar for both black light and sun light experiments. Based on our experiments using toluene as a reactant which is present at significant high levels in ambient air relative to other VOCs, it was found that toluene could contribute notably to oxidize NO to NO₂, this reaction can eventually generate some other photochemical oxidants such as ozone, aldehyde, and PAN. The results of simulation and experiments generally showed a good agreement quite well except for the case of O₃. The restriction of oxidization of NO to NO₂ seems to cause this difference, which is mainly from the reaction of peroxy radical itself and other reactants in the real gas.
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