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신강재(Shin, Kang-Jae) 경희대학교 경희법학연구소 2008 KHU 글로벌 기업법무 리뷰 Vol.1 No.2
This paper aims at analyzing the legal nature of Article 663 in the Insurance Contract Law(Part IV of the Commercial Act). And the writer tried to tackle some of the main issues of Article 663 by putting the leading case of the Korea Supreme Court first in importance. Article 663 of the Commercial Act is titled “Prohibition of the disadvantagous alteration to policy holder, etc.” and stipulated as follows: Provisions of this part can not be changed to the disadvantage of the policy holder, the insured or beneficiary by special agreement between the parties. But this shall not be applied to reassurance, marine insurance and the kind of insurances stated in the proviso of this Article. Article 663 is so called “the principle of the prohibition of disadvantagous alteration” and it is a special legislation that makes all the articles in Part IV of the Commercial Act to be minimum standard for the protection of the policy holder, insured or beneficiary. That is to say, all the articles in Part IV of the Commercial Act turns out to be related to compulsory statutes owing to Article 663. The writer searched all the judicial precedents of the Korea Supreme Court concerning Article 663, analyzed and studied every kind of documents related to them. And then, the writer reached an over-all conclusions as follows: First, Article 663 plays an important role in protecting the contractor, etc as a consumer, but it is not necessary to make all the articles compulsory in Part IV of the Commercial Act. It is an excessive regulation. The system of private law and insurance law may be threatened by Article 663. So it is insisted that only articles Part IV which are necessarily required to protect the insured, etc. should be compulsory. Second, Article 663 is applied to all kinds of insurance contract, but a proviso stipulated that “this article is not applied to reassurance, marine insurance and similar kinds of insurance”. However, the intent of the proviso is to exclude the application of Article 663 to the insurance contract with a corporate entity as counterparty. That s why there is no necessity to protect the enterprises who have the professional capacity to protect themselves. Therefore, we need to revise this proviso to exclude the application of Article 663 to all the insurance contracts between the enterprises according to its character, not only reassurance, marine insurance and similar kinds of insurance according to its types. In case of settling the insurance cases, there are a few things important to consider. Those are the system of insurance and its fundamental truth. Although it is important to protect the consumer of insurance. But it is also important to protect the system of insurance. It should be noted that there is no consumer of insurance without such a kind of system.
Morphological Variations of the Human Interarytenoid Muscle
이신효,신강재 대한체질인류학회 2023 해부·생물인류학 (Anat Biol Anthropol) Vol.36 No.4
This study investigated morphological variations of the transverse and oblique bellies of the interarytenoid muscle and their microstructures in humans. Forty-seven larynges from 50 formalin-embalmed cadavers were dissected to expose the arrangement of muscle fibers of the interarytenoid muscle. Histological sections of the laryngeal frame including the arytenoid cartilage and adjacent connective tissues were observed in three larynges. Forty larynges(85%) showed the typical morphology with superficial oblique and deep transverse bellies of the interarytenoid muscle. The boundaries of the oblique and transverse bellies of the interarytenoid muscle were atypical in the other seven cases (15%). In one case, a muscle belly originated from the cricoid cartilage medial to the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle and caused a height discrepancy of the arytenoid cartilage. Histological observations revealed that most of the muscle bellies of the transverse arytenoid muscle inserted to the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage, whereas some muscle fascicles dispersed into the connective tissues of the lateral laryngeal frame. Occasionally, accessory muscle bellies vertically arose deep to the transverse arytenoid muscle. The results of this study will contribute to advance relevant anatomical knowledge for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning of laryngeal disorder such as dysphonia.
온내장좌우바뀜증 시신의 위세로칸과 목뿌리에서 신경 및 혈관 구조들의 형태 변이
최나래,권찬양,신강재,이민영,손현준,길영천 대한체질인류학회 2023 해부·생물인류학 (Anat Biol Anthropol) Vol.36 No.4
연구목적으로 기증된 63세의 온내장좌우바뀜증 남성 시신의 목뿌리와 위세로칸에 위치한 주요 혈관과 신경들의 국소해부학적 위치관계를 관찰하여 다음과 같이 보고하고자 한다. 속목정맥과 빗장밑정맥이 합쳐져 팔머리정맥을 형성하는 것은 정상적인 형태와 차이가 없었으나 오른쪽 팔머리정맥이 더 길게 형성되어 대동맥활의 앞을 가로질러 왼쪽에 위치한 위대정맥으로 합류하였다. 가슴림프관은 오른쪽 정맥각으로 합류되었다. 대동맥활의 주요 분지순서는 팔머리동맥, 온목동맥, 빗장밑동맥 순으로 정상의 경우와 동일하였으나 첫 번째 가지인 팔머리동맥은 분지된 이후 왼온목동맥과 왼빗장밑동맥으로 분지하였다. 이후 대동맥활에서 순차적으로 분지한 온목동맥과 빗장밑동맥은 오른쪽 목뿌리로 주행하여 오른온목동맥과 오른빗장밑동맥을 형성하였다. 미주신경에서 분지되는 되돌이후두신경 또한 정상적인 주행경로와 비교하여 좌우가 바뀐 대칭의 형태로 오른되돌이후두신경은 대동맥활을, 왼되돌이후두신경은 빗장밑동맥을 감고 후두를 향해 주행하였다. 온내장좌우바뀜증을 가진 환자는 극히 소수에서 나타나는 증례로 임상의가 수술과정에서 신경, 혈관구조들의 해부학적 형태와 위치 관계를 빠르게 파악하는 것이 쉽지 않다. 본 연구에서는 온내장좌우바뀜증을 가진 시신의 목뿌리와 위세로칸에서 신경, 혈관구조들의 국소해부학적 위치 관계를 자세히 제시하고 있기에 온내장좌우바뀜증을 가진 환자의 시술 및 수술과정에서 외과의의 혼란을 줄이고 안전성을 높이는데 도움이 될 것으로 생각된다. This study is the case report for the topographic anatomy of the major blood vessels and nerves located in the cervical root and superior mediastinum of a 63-year-old male cadaver with situs inversus totalis donated for research purposes. The internal jugular vein and subclavian vein combined to form the brachiocephalic vein did not differ from the normal case, but the right brachiocephalic vein was formed longer than the left, and crossed the front of the aortic arch to joined into the superior vena cava. The thoracic duct was joined to the right venous angle. The branching order of the main branches of aortic arch was the same as in the normal case: brachiocephalic artery, common carotid artery, and subclavian artery, but the first branch, the brachiocephalic artery, branched into the left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery after branching. Afterwards, the common carotid artery and subclavian artery, which sequentially branched from the aortic arch, traveled to the right cervical root to form the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery. The recurrent laryngeal nerve, which branches off from the vagus nerve, also had a left-right reversed pattern compared to the normal running course. The right recurrent laryngeal nerve wound the aortic arch, and the left recurrent laryngeal nerve wound the left subclavian artery and traveled up toward the larynx. Patients with situs inversus totalis are very rare cases, and it is not easy for clinicians to quickly identify the anatomy and positional relationship of nerve and vascular structures during surgery because it is not a familiar form. This study presents in detail the positional relationships of nerves and vascular structures in the cervical root and superior mediastinum of cadavers with situs inversus totalis, so we think this report will be helpfull reducing confusion for surgeons and improving safety during surgery for patients with situs inversus totalis.