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박복영 ( Bok Young Park ) 한국비교경제학회 2014 비교경제연구 Vol.21 No.1
미국의 공화당과 민주당 사이의 정치적 이념의 격차는 1970년대 이후 계속 확대되고 있는데, 이는 흔히 정치양극화(political polarization)으로 불린다. 이런 정치양극화는 정치적 타협을 어렵게 해 2013년 연방정부의 일시 폐쇄로까지 이어졌다. 본 논문은 정치양극화의 요인을 분석하는데, 특히 소득불균형이 양당간 정치이념의 격차에 미치는 영향에 관한 모형을 제시하고 실증분석을 통해 그것을 뒷받침한다. 각 정당은 소득수준이 다른 핵심유권자층을 갖고 있고 있으며, 이들의 경제적 이해관계를 대변하는 방향으로 이념성향을 설정하는 것으로 가정하면 소득불균형의 심화는 정치양극화를 심화시키게 된다. 이런 가설은 미국의 정치양극화 지수를 소득불균형 지수에 대해 회귀분석한 결과를 통해서 뒷받침되었다. 즉 최근 미국의 정치양극화의 중요한 원인 중 하나가 소득불평등임을 확인하였다. 실증분석에 사용된 통계는 1930년부터 2010년까지 연도별 자료이며, 통제변수로 이민자비중이나 재정상황, 경제 및 정치상황에 관한 변수들이 사용되었다. 모형은 단위근문제를 통제한 일반최소자승법과 도구변수법이 사용되었다. The U.S. two political parties, Republican and Democratic, have widened their ideological gap since the 1970s, which is described as ’political polarization’. The deepened polarization has hampered political compromise, finally giving rise to the federal government shutdown in 2013. This study examines factors of political polarization, in particular highlighting the effect of income inequality on it. First, the theoretical model is suggested to explain that income inequality tends to widen the ideological gap between two political parties. An empirical analysis, then, is undertaken, using political polarization index and income inequality indicators of the U.S. in the period of 1930-2010. The results show that income inequality is strongly associated with political polarization even after controlling for non-stationarity problem in time-series variables and possible reverse causality. In conclusion, this study ascertains that the recently deepened political confrontation in the U.S. can be partly attributed to the increased income inequality.
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김용택(Yong-taek Kim),허장(Jang Heo),김정승(Jeong-seung Kim),박복영(Bok-young Park),이태희(Tae-hee Lee) 한국농촌경제연구원 2010 한국농촌경제연구원 연구자료 Vol.- No.-
It is necessary to have mid- to long-term approach to the international agricultural development and cooperation projects, following the increasing trend of the budgets of the projects. We set the vision as to pursue the co-existence and co-prosperity with the less developed countries through the international cooperation for agricultural and rural development. The purpose of the projects shall be to contribute to the enhancement of the national brand value through strategic cooperation which aims for food security and poverty elimination in the developing and less developed countries. The Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries(MIFAFF) needs to control and coordinate all international cooperation projects which are undertaken by all affiliated administrations besides its own projects. The functions of the “Council for Global Agricultural Cooperation” shall be strengthened for more effective coordination of cooperation projects. The establishment of “Global Agricultural Cooperation Center” and enactment of “Act for International Cooperation in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries” are also crucial. In the long run, the MIFAFF should take over all international aid projects in the agricultural sector. For “selection and concentration,” we suggest to focus on the south-east Asian region and Africa first as key target areas for cooperation. For target countries, it needs to distinguish strategic cooperation countries and general cooperation countries. Country assistance strategy for agriculture, or CASA, is to be prepared for efficient discovery and implementation of projects. Categories of projects are: special type projects, international collaborative projects, experience transfer projects and general type projects. To discover potential projects, diverse survey should be used including survey in written form. Some small, general type projects which have shown excellent performances can be expanded to become special type projects. International collaborative projects, considering the difficulties in project formation and initiation, need to be categorically combined with the special type projects. For sustained and secure implementation, stable supply of budget is crucial. It can only be possible through introduction of relevant law or regulations which would have clauses on the budget. Current method of budget, subsidization, should be changed to the contribution method so that the implementing agencies can stably perform the projects. Following the change in budgeting, a separate control organization, as corporative body, should be established.
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