http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
박근칠(Park, Geun-chil) 역사학회 2012 역사학보 Vol.0 No.215
The study of history during Wei-Jin-Sui-Tang Period of China between 2010 and 2011 developed quantitatively and also presented noticeable research in a variety of subjects. The trend in subjects studied shows that history of society and daily life, and study of historical geography were active, while history of ceremony and culture, especially the history of socio-economics, received little attention. The most noteworthy outcome were studies related with the history of foreign relations, specifically the relations between central Chinese Dynasties and northen nomadic nations. Recent works brought out a noticeable view that the frontier districts or outlying regions of China had their own status, regional identity and society, with the exception of their relation with central Chinese Dynasties. Undoubtedly such results were possible in part due to continued reanalysis of historical materials, the diversification of study methods, and advent of interdisciplinary research.
사학부(史學部) : 당(唐) 전기(前期) 조적(造籍) 절차(節次)에 대한 재검토(再檢討)
박근칠 ( Geun Chil Park ) 한국중국학회 2010 中國學報 Vol.62 No.-
關於手實與戶籍的作成程序, 據現存出土文書, 如下再構成一般的情況. 首先在每歲末, 各戶的戶主申報了該戶之戶口與田土, 按裏單位里正收合了這樣內容, 然後筆寫而連接起來, 做成了一卷的手實, 這個文書的格式如「貞觀14年手實」. 在翌年初, 按鄕單位, 縣司(縣令)對比了上記手實與保管於籍坊的前回戶籍, 而寫成了包括戶口減少項目(死亡·出嫁·逃走等)與增加項目(括附·聚女·逃還·出産等)的文書,這個文書的格式如「載初元年手實」. 這樣手實隔一定的空間在戶口記載部分與田土記載部分之間, 而準備以後注記變動情況, 也在該戶的記載內容末尾, 附記了第一年(造籍年之翌年)寫成的戶主牒文如手實的原本, 以此闡明了戶主保證申報內容的眞相. 所以這手實在造籍年的第二年寫成了, 而到下回造籍年據每歲初戶主申報的手實附記了戶口的變動.當附記的時候, 造籍年第二年的場合把戶口的變動記載了``見有籍``, ``籍後死``, ``漏無籍``等等, 而其翌年(仲年=定戶年)大槪記載了``舊有籍(或帳)``, ``帳後死``, ``漏無帳``, ``帳後括附``等等. 然後在其翌年=造籍年,和前年的工作同時, 用朱筆刪去了戶口變動的分類內容如「戶籍稿」, 而把這個內容以朱書寫成了在該戶口之下, 還有把這樣朱書內容移書了在戶籍的戶口注記之內.這마「載初元年手實」格式的手實是在造籍程序當中可能把握戶口之變動的基礎文書, 還是每年做成統計戶口數增減之``帳``(計帳)的主要根據. 因爲在這個手實上記載的某年帳(或者某年籍)以後戶口數變化分類了戶口減少(死亡, 出嫁, 逃走等)與增加(括附, 聚女, 逃還, 出産等), 所以在手實上記載的戶口變動成爲了按鄕單位統計戶口的``帳``(「鄕戶口帳」)之根據. 這個``帳``是確定「載初元年手實」上戶口變動內容的, 因此以後的變化附記了在「載初元年手實」之空欄, 但是這個時候記載了``帳後``的情況, 當時的基準也是``帳``. 幷且據「載初元年手實」的內容在``帳``上記載了``去年帳以來``該鄕的新舊戶數與新舊口數, 如果新舊口的場合, 集計了``老小, 良賤, 見輸, 白丁``等等的項目. 這樣的``帳``(「鄕戶口帳」)成爲了上報縣, 州, 中央戶部的計帳之根據, 通過``帳``的寫成確定了該戶每年戶口增減.