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대표적인 생분해 (Biodegradation) 시험법의 종류 및 록성
남궁은(Eun Namkung),H. De Henau,정재춘(Jae-Chun Chung) 유기성자원학회 1994 유기물자원화 Vol.2 No.2
생분해는 미생물의 작용에 의해 기질이 분자상태로 분해되는 것이라고 정의된다. 최근 수많은 종류의 다양한 유기화합물이 합성되고 이에 의한 환경오염이 우려됨에 따라 생분해도 측정방법에 대한 표준화에 관심이 높아지고 있다. 계면활성제의 생분해도 측정에 있어서 EC는 EC Directives 73/405, 82/243 및 82/242를 따르도록 하고 있는데 OECD도 이 방법을 따르고 있다. 이 시험은 선별검사와 확인검사로 구분된다. 공업화학물질에 있어서는 EC 방법,OECD 방법 IS0방법 등이 대표적인데 이 러한 방법들은 용존산소농도(DOC) 의 소멸정도와 C02 발생량, O2 의 흡수율, 메틸렌 블루 활성물질의 농도(MBAS),Bi 활성불질 (BiAS) 의 농도를 지표로 사용하고 있으며 EC Directive 84/449 및 88/302 에 그 방법이 명기되어 있다. 한편 OECD는 쉽게 분해되는 물질에 대한 생분해시험,내재적인 생분해시험 및 모사시험법에 대한 지침을 발표하였다. 산소섭취율에 의한 생분해도 측정에는 닫혀진 병시험법,호흡율측정법,Block 시험법 퉁이 있으며 소멸도 시험시스댐에는 낮은 접종분 농도와 광물질 영양분이 함유된 희석용액 시스템과 활성오니시스탬이 있다. 이에는 또한 몇가지 확인시험법이 존재한다. 기타 생분해시험법은 토양이나 저니에서의 생분해도 시험에서 방사선으로 표지한 14C02 둥이 이용된다. 생분해도 시험에 있어서 시험기질의 선택은 매우 중요한데 이는 생분해도 평가의 목적에 따라 달라진다. 그러므로 생분해도의 결과는 향상 그시험방법과 사용한 검출기법을 상세하게 기록해야 하며 데이타의 해석에 있어서도 이러한 여러가지 사실들을 감안하여야 한다. Biodegradation can be defined as the decomposition of a su bstrate to molecules by microbial activity. Recently , with the affluence of numerous synthetic organic compounds and their potential hazards to the environment, our interest in the measurement of biodegradability and its standardization is increasing. EC regulates to observe EC directives 73/405, 82/243 and 82/242 for the biodegradability measurement of detergent surfactants and OECD also follows this method. The method can be divided into screen tests and confirmatory tests. There are EC method, OCED method and I50 method for the biodegradability of industrial chemicals. In these methods, DOC(Dissolveel Organic Carbon) disappearance, CO2 generation, oxygen absorption, concentration of MBA5(methylene blue active substances) , and concentration of BiA5(bismuth active substances) are used as indicators of biodegradation. The procedure is described in detail in the EC directives 84/449 and 88/302. OECD published guidelines of ready biodegradability test , inherent biodegradability test and simulation test. There are closed bottle test , respirometer test and block test in the biodegradability test using oxygen absorption , and there are dilute solution system with low concentra-tion of inoculum and mineral nutrients and activated sludge system in the disappearance test system. Other biodegradability test utilizes radioisotope labeled 14C02 for the measurement of biodegradation in the soil and sediment. Selection of the test substrate is very important in the biodegrability test. Therefore, the test method and detection technique should be described in detail in reporting the test results and these information should be take into account in the analysis and interpretation of the data.
남궁은 ( Eun Namkung ),김충일 ( Tschung-il Kim ),박현주 ( Hyun-ju Park ),김미경 ( Mikyeong Kim ),한무영 ( Moo-young Han ) 한국수처리학회 2017 한국수처리학회지 Vol.25 No.1
The purpose of this study is to design the rainwater museum to determine the effects of the rainwater museum. The existing building in the Goseong dinosaur world EXPO is used to design the rainwater museum. It consists of Entrance, Main Movie Showroom, Exhibition, Photo zone and Book cafe. The visitors can have a better understanding about rainwater via the feature movie and experience rainwater use and management by operating a touch screen. A survey was randomly conducted on visitors to the Goseong dinosaur world EXPO. They were classified into the experimental group who visited the rainwater museum and the control group who did not visit the rainwater museum. First, there was an increase of practice attitude for environmental protection in the experimental group, showing a statistically significant difference. Second, there was an increase of general knowledge, attitude and practice about rainwater in the experimental group, showing a statistically significant difference. Consequently, it is proven that rainwater museum is useful for improving the visitors` attitude for environmental protection and knowledge, attitude and practice about rainwater.
서울대학교 내 초절수변기 교체에 따른 절수효과 및 편익분석
한무영 ( Mooyoung Han ),남궁은 ( Eun Namkung ),원유식 ( Yusik Won ),박현주 ( Hyunju Park ),김미경 ( Mikyeong Kim ),김용인 ( Youngin Kim ),김상래 ( Sangrae Kim ) 한국수처리학회 2017 한국수처리학회지 Vol.25 No.1
The objective of this study is to suggest effective ways to solve water shortage problems by water saving achieved from a toilet retrofitting program at Seoul National University. 35 bowls in building #35 were changed from conventional bowls to high efficiency bowls. Water saving effects were analyzed after 8 months of water saving and benefits data collection. The flow amount was decreased from 238.73 to 94.38 for a month. Assuming that all 8,176 bowls are changed in Seoul National University, amount of 378,237 water can be saved and initial investment will be returned in years. Moreover, due to conserve electricity 239 ton of carbon dioxide are expected to reduce. To maximize benefits, social system improvements such as providing incentives from suppliers is necessary
빗물-저농도 오수 하이브리드 시스템의 설계 및 운전 평가
심인태(In-tae Shim),박현주(Hyun-ju Park),김충일(Tschung-il Kim),정성운(Sung-un Jung),한무영(Moo-young Han),남궁은(Eun Namkung) 대한환경공학회 2016 대한환경공학회지 Vol.38 No.12
본 연구에서는 빗물과 중수를 연계하여 각각의 단점을 극복하고 장점을 극대화 할 수 있는 빗물-저농도 오수 하이브리드 시스템을 설계하고 서울대학교에 설치하여 수량 및 수질 모니터링과 경제성을 평가하였다. 건물에서 발생하는 오수 중세면, 샤워용수를 중수로 선택하여 침지형 분리막과 오존산화 처리하였으며, 건물 옥상에서 집수된 빗물은 저류 후 처리수조로 이송되어 처리된 저농도 오수와 혼합되어 변기 세척용수로 공급하였다. 변기 세척용수 3,979 ㎥ 중 65%인 2,599 ㎥를 빗물 이용과 저농도 오수를 재이용하였다. 빗물은 총대장균을 제외한 나머지 항목에서 중수도 수질 기준을 만족하였으며, 저농도 오수는 탁도, SS, BOD, 총대장균이 기준치를 초과하여 침지형 분리막과 오존산화 처리하여 안정적인 수질을 유지하였다. 경제성 분석 결과, 빗물-저농도 오수 하이브리드 시스템은 B/C (Benefit-Cost Ratio) 비율이 1.11으로 사업의 타당성이 있다고 판단된다. 물 재이용시설의 이용확대를 위해 시설 운영에 따른 경제성을 높이기 위한 다양한 연구 및 정책적 지원이 필요하다. In this study, rainwater-greywater hybrid system was installed and operated for 1 year in order to evaluate its water quantity, water quality, and economic efficiency in building no. 39. This system was expected to overcome each disadvantages of and maximize each advantages. Low-greywater that was washed up from shower room was treated by MBR (Membrane Bioreactor) and ozone oxidation. Rainwater that was collected from the rooftop was stored in a reservoir, and then transferred to the storage tank that was mixed with treated greywater. After 1 year operating in building no. 39, rainwater and greywater was used to supply 2,599 ㎥ of toilet flushing water. In terms of water quality, rainwater was satisfied far the greywater reuse standards except for E.coli. Moreover, low greywater quality was acceptable except for E. coli, BOD, SS, and turbidity. In addition, economic analysis was obtained from benefit-cost ratio (B/C) with 1.11. It implies that the feasibility of the project was reasonable. Furthermore, various research and policy to improve the economic efficiency of water recycling facilities is required to expand the use of water recycling facilities.