수심이 얕은 부영양 인공호(일감호)의 동 ${\cdot}$ 식물플랑크톤 동태학

김호섭,박제철,황순진,Kim, Ho-Sub,Park, Je-Chul,Hwang, Soon-Jin 한국하천호수학회 2003 생태와 환경 Vol.36 No.3

본 연구는 수심이 얕고 부영양화가 지속되고 있는 인공호수에서의 동 ${\cdot}$식물플랑크톤의 종 조성과 현존량의 계절변화, 수질인자와의 상관관계 그리고 PEG모델과의 비교를 위해 실시되었다. 식물플랑크톤의 분류군 별 계절적 출현양상은 봄과 가을에 녹조류와 규조류가 우점하고 여름에 남조류의 현존량이 증가함에 따라 PEG모델과 유사하였다. 그러나 현존량에 의한 우점종의 변화는 2002년 1월부터 3월가지 녹조류가 우점했던 것을 제외하고는 조사기간 내내 남조류가 우점 함으로써 PEG모델과 다르게 나타냈다. 수체 내 영양염의 증가가 나타난 봄철 녹조류가 증가하였고, 무기영양염의 감소와 함께 남조류의 우점비율이 증가하였다. 주요출현 남조류는 Microcystis, Oscillatoria, Lyngbya, Merismopedia속 내종들 이였고, 2000년 10월에 가장 높은 현존량을 나타났으며 (12.9${\pm}$5.8${\times}10^5$ cells/ml, 3.5${\pm}$0.9${\times}10^3{\mu}gC/l$), 엽록소 a ($r^2$ = 0.71, P< 0.001), TP농도 ($r^2$ = 0.62, P< 0.001)와 양의 상관관계를 나타냈다. 녹조류가 우점한 3월부터 5월 사이에 윤충류인 Keratella cochlearis와 같은 크기가 작은 윤충류의 증가가 나타났다. 성체보다는 대부분 유생의 비율이 (70%이상)높았던 요각류와 지각류 (Diaphanosoma brachyurum, Bosmina longirostris등)의 현존량 증가는 식물플랑크톤 중 와편모조류와 규조류가 증가한 6월과 9월 사이에 나타났다($r^2$=0.73, P< 0.001). 본 연구기간동안 동물플랑크톤 섭식에 의한 청수기는 관찰되지 않았으며, 동 ${\cdot}$ 식물플랑크톤의 다양성은 식물플랑크톤의 생물량 증가 시 회복되는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과에서는 부영양 호수에서 동물플랑크톤의 섭식이나 제한영양염의 결핍이 식물플랑크톤의 현존량에 영향을 출 수 있으나 군집의 변화를 야기하지는 못함이 제시되었다. This study was attempted to understand seasonal dynamics of phyto- and zooplankton communities in shallow, eutrophic Lake llgam and to compare them with the PEG (Plankton Ecology Group) model. Seasonal succession pattern of phytoplankton community was similar to PEG model as Chlorophyceae and Baciliphyceae increase during spring and autumn fellowed by increase of Cyanophyceae. However, based on the cell density and biomass, a dominant phytoplankton community differed with PEG model: Cyanophyceae had been a dominant community throughout a year, except for ice-cover period during which Chlorophyceae was a dominant group. In spring, when ice melted and dissolved nutrients in water column increased, the increase of Chlorophyceae occurred: when nutrients (DIN and DIP) rapidly decreased, Cyanophyceae increase occurred. Microcystis, Oscillatoria, Lyngbya, Merismopedia were maior dominant species of Cyanophyceae and their cell density and/or biomass was the highest in October 2000 (12.9${\pm}$5.8${\times}10^5$ cells/ml, 3.5${\pm}$0.9${\times}10^3{\mu}gC/l$). Cyanophyceae biomass showed positive relationship with chlorophyll a ($r^2$ = 0.71,P< 0.001) and TP concentration ($r^2$ = 0.62, P< 0.001). Small-sized rotifers such as Keratella cochlearis, increased between March and May when Chlorophyceae increased. Both high standing crop of copepods and cladocerans, such as Diaphanosoma brachyrum and Bosmina longirostris occurred between June and September accompanied with the increase of Dinophyceae and Bacillariophyceae. There was no evidence that clear-water phase was caused by zooplankton grazing. The diversity and evenness index of phyto- and/or zooplankton increased with chlorophyll a concentration. These results suggest zooplankton grazing and limiting nutrient deficiency could lead to change of phytoplankton biomass, but not the phytoplankton community in Lake llgam.

오염물질 배출원과 하천에서의 유기탄소 분포 특성

김호섭,김상용,박지형,한미덕,Kim, Ho-Sub,Kim, Sang-Yong,Park, Jihyung,Han, Mideok 한국물환경학회 2017 한국물환경학회지 Vol.33 No.5

The fractionation characteristics of organic matter were investigated in inflow and effluent of each other pollution sources and river. While the DOC/TOC ratio in the influent of public sewage treatment plant and livestock disposal facilities was above 0.58, the POC/TOC ratio of human livestock Night soil treatment plant and stormwater runoff was more than 0.7. The TOC removal efficiency of public sewage treatment plant and human livestock Night soil treatment plant were 88.5 % and 99.6 %, respectively. Although the concentration distribution of organic matter pollution most of total organic carbon (TOC) in effluent of pollution sources accounted for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) type (DOC/TOC ratio >0.89) and Refractory-DOC (RDOC)/TOC ratio was higher (>0.65). The fractionation characteristics of organic matter in river were similar with that of sewage treatment plant and TOC concentration showed the positive correlation with DOC ($r^2=0.93$) and RDOC ($r^2=0.89$) concentration. The decay rate of Labile DOC (LDOC) (avg. $0.128day^{-1}$) was higher than labile particulate organic carbon (LPOC) ($0.082day^{-1}$), while that of DOC ($0.008day^{-1}$) was lower than POC ($0.039day^{-1}$) (paired t-test, p < 0.001, n = 5). These study results suggested that it should consider important both TOC and DOC as the target indicator to control refractory organic matter in pollution sources.

하·폐수처리시설 방류수내 유기물질 및 NOD 분포 특성

김호섭 ( Ho-sub Kim ),김석규 ( Seok-gyu Kim ) 한국물환경학회 2021 한국물환경학회지 Vol.37 No.1

In this study, an analysis of the characteristics of organic matter and nitrogenous oxygen demand (NOD) of 17 sewage effluent and wastewater treatments was conducted. High COD_Mn and carbonaceous biological oxygen demand (CBOD) concentrations were observed in the livestock treatment plants (LTP), wastewater treatment plants(WTP), and night soil treatment plants (NTP), but the highest NOD concentration and contribution rates of NOD to BOD₅ were found in sewage treatment plants (STP). There was no significant difference in the CBOD/COD_Mn ratio for each of the six pollution source groups, but the LTPs, WTPs, and NTPs all showed relatively high COD_Mn concentrations in their effluent samples, indicating that they are facilities which discharge large amounts of refractory organic matter. The seasonal change of NOD in all facilities’ effluent was found to be larger than the seasonal change of CBOD, and data results also revealed an elevation of NOD and NH3-N concentration from December to February, when the water temperature was low. There was no significant difference in NH₃-N concentration in relation to pollution source group (p=0.08, one-way ANOVA), but the STP, which had a high NOD contribution rate to BOD₅ of 48%, showed a high correlation between BOD₅ and NOD (r²=0.95, p<0.0001). These results suggest that the effect of NOD on BOD₅ is an important factor to be considered when analyzing STP effluent.

한강권역 우심지류 하천의 유기물 분포 특성

김호섭 ( Ho-sub Kima ),박윤희 ( Yun-hee Park ),김용삼 ( Yong-sam Kim ),김상용 ( Sang-yong Kim ) 한국물환경학회 2018 한국물환경학회지 Vol.34 No.5

The purpose of this study was to understand distribution characteristics of organic matters through concentration of BOD₅, COD_Mn and TOC in 31 streams in Han River region, and to establish the relationship among organic matter concentration, and discharge load and flow rate. Concentration of BOD₅ and TOC in 22 streams were above IV grade except 9, and the average 80.9 % of total organic matter (by TOC) accounted for dissolved organic type. Correlation among organic matter parameters were higher (r2 > 0.78) and the relationship between TOC and COD_Mn concentration was higher than BOD₅. Ratio of biodegradable organic matter/total organic matter in the 31 streams was estimated at 41.4 % with BOD₅ oxidation rate, and 78.0 % with BOD₅/COD_Mn concentration ratio. Ratio of NBOD/BOD₅ concentration in four sites with BOD₅/COD_Mn concentration ratio exceeding 1 ranged from 54.5 % ~ 79.3 %. Among 979 flow rate data measured at 31 streams, 87 % of measured data was below 0.1 cms and increased water pollution under low flow conditions. Correlation between BOD₅ concentration and BOD₅ discharge load in the watershed was low, and it was revealed that several streams have more BOD₅ delivery load than BOD₅ discharge load. Results suggest that many biodegradable forms of organic matter are being introduced into the stream from pollutant sources in the watershed.

하천에서 BOD 존재형태별 분포 특성

김호섭 ( Ho-sub Kim ),오승영 ( Seung-young Oh ) 한국물환경학회 2021 한국물환경학회지 Vol.37 No.2

In this study, the distribution characteristics according to the type of BOD and the effect of nitrogenous oxygen demand (NOD) and algal oxygen demand on BOD in three streams (Bokhacheon, Byeongseongcheon, and Gulpocheon) were evaluated. Although the BOD and NOD concentrations demonstrated a difference in the three streams, the carbonaceous BOD(CBOD)/BOD ratio was 0.75 (p=0.053, one-way ANOVA), and there was no significant difference in the three streams (r²≥0.92, p<0.0001). The NOD concentration of the Bokhacheon with high NH₃-N was 1.7±1.3 ㎎/L, which was the highest among the three streams and showed a significant correlation with BOD. Seasonal variations in NOD in the three streams did not show a significant correlation with changes in NH3-N concentration (r²<0.28, p≥0.1789), and there was no significant difference in NOD even though NH₃-N concentration in Gulpocheon was about twice that of Byeongseongcheon (p=0.870, one way ANOVA). The particulate CBOD(PCBOD)/CBOD ratio of the three streams was 0.55~0.64, and about 60% of the biodegradable organic matter was present in the particulate form. When the Chl.a concentration in the stream was more than 7 ㎍/L, the PCBOD tended to increase with the Chl.a concentration (r²=0.61, p=0.003). In the three streams, particulate NOD accounted for 81% of NOD; however, despite the large variation in NH3-N concentration (0.075~3.182 ㎎/L), there was no significant difference in soluble NOD(SNOD) concentration that ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 ㎎/L. In this study, the low contribution rate of SNOD to NOD is considered as a result of the removal of nitrifying bacteria along with the particles during the filtration process.

경안천 수질에 대한 환경기초시설 방류부하량의 영향

김호섭 ( Ho Sub Kim ),이수웅 ( Su Woong Lee ),류덕희 ( Doug Hee Rhew ),공동수 ( Dong Soo Kong ) 한국물환경학회 2009 한국물환경학회지 Vol.25 No.3

얕은 부영양 저수지의 육수학적 특성-계절에 따른 수질변화

김호섭 ( Ho Sub Kim ),황순진 ( Soon Jin Hwang ) 한국하천호수학회 2004 생태와 환경 Vol.37 No.2

This study was carried out to assess the seasonal variation of water quality and the effect of pollutant loading from watershed in a shallow eutrophic reservoir (Shingu reservoir) from November 2002 to February 2004. Stable thermocline which was greater than 1℃ per meter of the water depth formed in May, and low DO concentration (<2㎎ O₂L^(-1)) was observed in the hypolimnion from May to September, 2003. The ratio of euphotic depth to mixing depth (Z_(eu)/Z_m) ranged 0.2~1.1, and the depth of the mixed layer exceeded that of the photic layer during study period, except for May when Z_(eu) and Z_m. were 4 and 4.3 m, respectively. Most of total nitrogen, ranged 1.1~4.5 v, accounted for inorganic nitrogen (Avg, 58.7%), and sharp increase of NH₃-N and NO₃-N was evident during the spring season. TP concentration in the water column ranged 43.9~126.6 ㎍ P L^(-1), and the most of TP in the water column accounted for POP (Avg. 80%). During the study period, DIP concentration in the water column was < 10 ㎍ P L^(-1) except for July and August when DIP concentration in the hypolimnion was 22.3 and 56.7 ㎍ P L^(-1), respectively. Increase of Chi. α concentration observed in July (99 ㎍ L^(-1)) and November 2003 (109 ㎍ L^(-1)) when P loading through two inflows was high, and showed close relationship with TP concentration (r = 0.55, P< 0.008, n = 22). Mean Chi. α concentration ranged from 13.5 to 84.5 ㎎ L^(-1) in the water column, and the lowest and highest concentration was observed in February 2004 (13.5±1.0 ㎍ L^(-1)) and November 2003 (84.5± 29.0 ㎍ L^(-1)), respectively. TP concentration in inflow water increased with discharge (r = 0.69, P< 0.001), 40.5% of annual total P loading introduced in 25 July when there was heavy rainfall. Annual total P loading from watershed was 159.0 ㎏ P yr^(-1), and that of DIP loading was 126.3 ㎏ P yr^(-1)(77.7% of TP loading). The loading of TN (5.0 ton yr^(-1)) was 30 times higher than that of TP loading (159.0 ㎏ P yr^(-1)), and the 78% of TN was in the form of non-organic nitrogen, 3.9 ton yr^(-1) in mass. P loading in Shingu reservoir was 1.6 g·m^(-2)·yr^(-1, which passed the excessive critical loading of Vollenweider-OECD critical loading model. The results of this study indicated that P loading from watershed was the major factor to cause eutrophication and temporal variation of water quality in Shingu reservoir Decrease by 71% in TP loading (159 ㎏ P yr^(-1)) is necessary for the improvement of mesotrophic level. The management of sediment where the anaerobic condition was evident in summer, thus, the possibility of P release that can be utilized by existing algae, may also be considered.

육수학적 특성에 따른 국내 저수지의 부영양화 유형분석 -엽록소 a와 수심을 중심으로

김호섭 ( Ho Sub Kim ),황순진 ( Soon Jin Hwang ) 한국하천호수학회 2004 생태와 환경 Vol.37 No.2

The present study was conducted to analyze the pattern of eutrophication of Korean reservoir with Chi. α concentration and morpho-physical parameters, and to evaluate water quality characteristics of the classified types. The collected data from 486 reservoirs were classified as four types, with the Chl-α concentration (25 ㎍ L^(-1)) and the ratio of water storage/surface area (mean depth, 7.5 m). According to OECD criteria and trophic state index based on Chl-α concentration, 34.3 and 72.8% of selected reservoirs appeared to be eutrophic, respectively. Characteristics of TYPE Ⅱ reservoirs generally showed high Chl-α concentration, relatively old age, small DA/LA ratio, short Hydraulic retention time, large paddy field and field to watershed ratio, and high pollutant loading compared to other types of reservoirs. The difference of TP concentration was greater than that of TN concentration in reservoir water among classified four types. Based on TN/TP ratio (by weight), phosphorus was limiting nutrient in all types and more closely related with Chl-α concentration than nitrogen. Significant decrease of Chl-α concentration with increase of TN/TP ratio observed only in reservoirs with Chl-α concentration > 25 ㎍ L^(-1). Although drainage area is believed to be a factor that is related to the generation load of pollutants in the watershed, it did not show any significant relationship with water quality parameters. Morphometric characteristics such as depth and age of reservoir as well as type of land use patterns in the watershed was among important parameters for the assessment of water quality characteristics in Korean reservoirs.

여과 섭식성 패류가 동,식물플랑크톤 군집에 미치는 영향

김호섭 ( Ho Sub Kim ),공동수 ( Dong Soo Kong ),황순진 ( Soon Jin Hwang ) 한국하천호수학회 2004 생태와 환경 Vol.37 No.3

This study was conducted to evaluate the ecological impact of freshwater bivalve (Corbiculidae) on plankton communities in experimental enclosure systems (2 m × 2 m × 2 m). During the acclamation period of one month, cyanobacteria, including Microcystis viridis and Microcystis aeruginosa, dominated in both control and treatment enclosures with no noticeable density difference. After the addition of 100 mussels, dominant species of phytoplankton shifted from Microcystis to Scenedesmus in concert with slight decrease in the cell density and the increase of NIP ratio. However, cell density in the control quickly increased, accompanied with changes of dominant species to Oscillatoria spp. With the introduction of additional 500 musseles in the treatment enclosure, dominant phytoplankton species in both enclosures were replaced with Selenastrum spp. and Cryptomonas sp. In the initial stage, the total zooplankton abundance in the control was higher than that of treatment, but it was reversed after the addition 100 mussels. After mussel density increased up to 600 indivisuals, zooplankton density in the treatment decreased with dominance of small taxa, such as rotifers and nauplius. However, abundance and carbon biomass of large zooplankton, such as Bosmina longirostris and Diacyclops thomasi were maintained in a high level compared with those of control. During the study period, Chi. a concentration in mussel treatment and control increased with DIP and NH₃-N, respectively. Due to the increase of NH₃-N, especially after the introduction of additional 500 mussels, nitrogen limitation did not occur in the treatment enclosure in contrast with strong nutrient limitation occurred in the control. These results indicate that filter-feeding Corbicula could exert important impact on nutrient recycling and plankton community structure in a freshwater ecosystem, through direct feeding and competition for the same food resource as zooplankton on one hand, and through alteration of nutrient availability on the other.

참재첩을 이용한 부영양호의 수질개선

김호섭 ( Ho Sub Kim ),박정환 ( Jung Hwan Park ),공동수 ( Dong Soo Kong ),황순진 ( Soon Jin Hwang ) 한국하천호수학회 2004 생태와 환경 Vol.37 No.3

This study was conducted to test a possibility of water quality improvement using a filter-feeding bivalve (Corbicula leana). In mesocosm scale (width × length × depth: 3 m × 3 m × 0.5 m), we investigated the changes of dissolved nutrient and particulate matter including both abiotic and biotic seston. Short term (16 days) mesocosm experiment was conducted in two stages: the first stage for 8 days and consecutive 8 days of the second stage. Both treatment and control mesocosm were switched over by translocating mussels from the treatment mesocosm to the control, at 8th days since the start of the experiment. This design made it possible to compare mussel effect on the water quality change more clearly. The high mortality of mussel was observed in the treatment of the first stage, but it decreased rapidly and stabilized on the 8th day to less than< 4 ind day^(-1). Chi. a concentration in the treatment mesocosm of the first and second stage decreased to 71 and 88% of initial concentration, respectively, and suspended solids decreased to 70 and 77%. At those times, average filtering rate were 0.46 and 0.61 mL AFDW mg^(-1) hr^(-1), respectively. Both NH₃-N and dissolved total phosphorus (DTP) concentrations increased with the mussel mortality. NH₃-N concentration was positively correlated with the mussel mortality, while DTP concentration showed negative correlation with it. After translocating mussel from the treatment to the control, NH₃-N concentration significantly increased compared with that of initial control. Although DTP concentration also increased, there was no significant difference relative to that of initial control. These results suggest that application of this filter-feeding bivalve in a eutrophic reservoir could be a potential tool to improve water quality if mussels could acclimatize successfully in early stage of the introduction.