Sallinger의 소설분석: 비범과 평범 간 삶의 변증법

김헌범 미래영어영문학회 2017 미래영어영문학회 학술대회 자료집 Vol.2017 No.6

David Copperfield와 Hard Times 비교 : 'disciplined'와 'naturalness를 중심으로 the differences between 'disciplined' and 'naturalness'

김헌범 제주한라대학 1992 論文集 Vol.16 No.-

David Copperfield suggests 'disciplined' as an ideal moral and Hard Times does 'naturalness'. The comparison of 'disciplined' and 'naturalness' is summerized like these; First, 'diciplined' is the harmony of reason and fancy, but 'naturalness' is the absolute value of fancy. Second, the important problem dealt with in the novel is, the individual moral in the former while the social in the latter. Third, the Society is only the background in the former but it becomes the positive agent in the latter. Fourth, the latter, unlike the former, reflects Dickens' serious consciousness of the social problems and their altimate solution. Finally, Dickens' obvious change is appreciated in that he realized the cause of the actual problems was not in some individuals or the partial area, but in the comprehensive structure of the Victorian society.

『분노의 포도』 문학성 연구 : 작품구성, 인물묘사, 문체와 이미지

김헌범 제주간호보건전문대학 2009 論文集-논문집편집위원회 Vol.32 No.-

Some writers are more responsive than others to the social, economic, and political problems of their time. John Steinbeck, for instance, was deeply involved in the problems of his native state, California, during the years of the Great Depression. His humanitarian concerns led him to write powerfully about the migrant rural workers who went to that state during the 1930' s in hopes of a better life. The Grapes of Wrath, Steinbeck’ s masterpiece, is generally considered “" the American epic of the 1930’' s". Through a masterful use of literary techniques and prose styles, Steinbeck managed to give, in that novel, a panoramic view of the exodus as a national phenomenon, while particularizing it in the story of the Joads, a family of rural workers who emigrated from Oklahoma to California during the Great Depression. The purpose of this study is to analyze the novel and reveal some of the artistic and human qualities which give it the status of an epic.

셰익스피어와 드라이든의 비교 : Antony and Cleopatra 와 All for Love를 중심으로

김헌범 제주간호보건전문대학 2006 論文集-논문집편집위원회 Vol.29 No.-

This paper anallzes and compares William Shakespeare's(1564-1616) Antony and Cleopatra and John Dryden's(1631-1700) All for Love and concludes how different they were to each of their real literary works. It was because Shakespere was most negatively accepted in Neo-Classicism and Dryden was one of its representative critics and writers that I selected Dryden as the object of comparison with Shakespeare. In addition, I chose Antαy and Cleopatra and All for Love as the works for the comprative study because both of these dramas commonly treated the history of Antony and Cleopatra’s love so it seemed easy for us to distinctly understand their differences in several aspects, such as their styles, forms, characterization, and tragic effects. Conclusively in short, Shakespeare’s Antony and cleopatra didn’t follow the Aristotle’s tragedy principles, while Dryden’s All for Love can be named one of the examples of well-principled Neo-Classicism in that it faithfully observed its rules for tragedy. However, Dryden must have sacrificed his lively characterization in his work in that he allegorized even his main characters for the unity of subject, that is, his moralism. The plot of All for Love moves in the direction of showing the "unfortunate consequence of unlawful love". But in the death of the lovers at the end of the play, Dryden tends toward a glorification of their love that led to their destruction. Thus these two opposite movements in the play, working at cross purposes, weaken and blur what must be the ultimate rationale of the unity of action-that is, the effect of unity. In Dryden' s stylized play, the characters also become stylized In Shakespeare, unlike Dryden, what stands out most is the vitality of the protagonists as the colorful history of their love runs its course through peace and war, through triumph and defeat, until their death closes one of the most turbulent chapters in the history of the Roman empire.

For whom the Bell Tolls에서의 용기의 의미

김헌범 제주한라대학 2003 論文集 Vol.27 No.-

Ernest Hemingway (1898-1961) belongs to the so-called lost generation writers. He tried to react to the society whose values were being lost. He noticed that the past orders and values were completely destroyed. and realized that it was necessary to find something to be meaningful and valuable for mankind. Therefore he started from his early novels filled with dark mood. In his times there were two World wars and the Great Panic. Until the President Wilson declared the U.S's participation in the First World War. Americans had enjoyed rich and happy lives which the modern civilization has brought. Even during the early World War, they sold a lot of products and arms to both sides, that is. England and Germany. But when the Americans fought in the war field, ironically many Americans were killed by the arms they sold to Germany. This irony basically threatened their religious beliefs and rational, pragmatic thoughts and had Americans realize the contradiction of the modern civilization. In the times when every religious and moral values were fully challenged, how can we overcome and survive the difficulties? This was the very question the lost generation novelists must answer. Hemingway also thought that a war was horrible, and felt disillusionment about civilized advancement. He concluded that civilization could never bring any future to mankind. His disillusionment made him lose belief in all traditional values and thoroughly look into hard living situations, violence and death. He noticed that everyone got lost between traditional world and uncertain 20 the century. This novel's characters try to fight to obtain their humanity. and dare to challenge their emptiness caused by the situation of the Spain Civil War. They question about human existence by the scenes of deaths and pains in the war fields. and finally realize they can overcome their times only if they don't lose courage and strong will. In this respect. the courage in this novel is not simple. It brings meanings to unseen places and reminds people of their will. This novel's heroes, such as Jordan. also realize the eventual meaning of existence in the world. facing their deaths. They finally transcend phisical death through their courage. Courage is the very solution Hemingway suggests us to survive the lost generation.

엘리어트의 도덕관과 「싸일러스 마이너」의 이해

김헌범 제주한라대학 1994 論文集 Vol.18 No.-

George Eliot's morality is oriented from positivistic philosophy. Love is the most important value from her moral view. It does not mean selfish or sexual like Godfrey's. It includes self-sacrifice, sympathy, and maternal love like Marner's or Dolley's. Eliot emphasize the lives of some characters like Marner, Nancy, Dolley and Eppie. They sacrifiy themselves and live their lives for others. As the result of their efforts themselves and their society both become improved. Sympathy is a feeling that makes the individual think of others as himself. It makes man do good behavior with pleasure. It makes him transcend his restricted existence and live eternal life. Eliot is included among the other contemporary writers like Dickens, Thackeray. But she is still one of the greatest artists because in her novels she does not only make realistic structure and phycological discription by deeply looking into human mind, but also she has very profound knowledge of the philosophy.

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn에 나타난 인종관 이해

김헌범 제주간호보건전문대학 2010 論文集-논문집편집위원회 Vol.33 No.-

This study is to understand Mark Twain’'s racial views in the context of one of his most important works, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Although the novel is regarded as one of the greatest novels in American literature, Some critics have publicly denounced Twain’as handing of the racial issues including indiscriminate uses of ’ nigger’ and the obscure ending in the last parts of the novel. Huck Finn, they claim, unconsciously gets a tint of racism, providing undesirable stereotypes of black Americans. Black writers Especially seem to increasingly prefer to name Twain and treat him negatively. In this study, three main points are examined discussed in order to clarify the misunderstaings of this novel,; the .viewpoints of Huck, the main narrator, the descriptions of Jim, and the last parts of the novel. This paper can be summarized and concluded as follows; First, it shouId be reminded that there exists a certain flexible distance between the views of Huck, the narrator in this novel and the main character and Mark Twain’s. Second. based on the context, Jim cannot be interpreted as a stereotype of a black man that used to serve the taste of the Southern Americans in the age of slavery. Finally, the way Twain dealt with the racial issues in the 벼t parts of the novel is suitable for his purpose to criticize the Americans’inhumane prejudices and to help realize America’s eventual ideals, of freedom and equality.

맥베드 (Macbeth) : 세 마녀의 대사와 생성의 원리 Weltsanschaung of Becoming

김헌범 제주한라대학 2002 論文集 Vol.26 No.-

The aim of this paper is to throw some light on Shakespeare's Weltsanschaung reflected in Macbeth through the examination of the play under the supposition that "Fair is foul, and foul is fair" is relevant not only to the themes but to the explanation of the characters' motif. This prophetic dialogue is to be understood in terms of the dynamic cooperation of contrasting elements in order to have its significance in its relation to the meaning of the play. That is, this play should be interpreted and understood in terms of the dynamic theory of 'Becoming', not in terms of the static theory of 'Being'. In this context the supposition can be of help delving into the deep Weltsanschaung of Shakespeare's Macbeth. The characters and their actions are variations on the supposition, 'Fair is foul, and foul is fair.' The 'is' in this supposition signifies the dynamic cooperation of the two contrasting elements, and suggests the importance of the role of human consciousness in their relation. The movement of Macbeth's action and the judgement on his own actions implies that he shall be understood in the vertical movement of this consciousness and will. This is the point which is necessary for the ironies to come to be. The same can be applied to Malcolm and Macduff, which proves the authenticity of the supposition. This viewpoint proves true in that Macbeth's nature was evil from the beginning to Lady Macbeth's dialogue and an analysis of his solioquies. This also proves that emphasis is put on the dynamic process of Macbeth's consciousness rather than on the moralistic didacticism, which one of the main themes of the play, including that this is the very nature of the world in which man and the universe exist. This is, too, one of the main causes which arouse the pity and sympathy in the hearts of the audience. As a conclusion, the principle of Becoming implicated in 'Fair is foul, and foul is fair' is that man is set in the dynamic process of the world. This monistic principle does not deny Shakespeare's tragic vision that there is more than man can imagine and know in the universe, rather it cooperates to add a wider range of perspectives to the understanding of Shakespeare's Weltsanschaung putting emphasis on the deep vertical movement of human souls.

부정과 긍정의 삶의 변증법: 『아홉 개 이야기』의 통합적 관계성에 대한 연구

김헌범 미래영어영문학회 2020 영어영문학 Vol.25 No.3

『Nine Stories』(1953) is a loosely-connected collection of nine stories each of which has good completion and attraction as a short story. This work was published a year after 『The Catcher in The Rye』(1952), once more showing the distinguishing ability of J. D. Sallinger at his best. This collection is known for its highly literary quality. Most critics think highly of these stories' minute observation, sophisticated speeches, correct and sharp description, and very interesting plots above all. But in contrast to its literary value, there have few attempts to find the correlation among those stories. It's very surprising, given that Sallinger is very famous for his intensiveness as well as his meticulous writing. He put a famous zen koan saying "We know the sound of two hands clapping. But what is the sound of one hand clapping?" It indicates that he intends we should read the stories as one rather than as nine different ones respectively. This study, therefore, tried to find the integrating relationship to connect the different stories into one. For the purpose, I periodically divided Sallinger's works into three, such as early, middle, late stage. The characteristics of the three stages are as following: the early stage expresses negation and frustration, while the middle does negation and resistance, and the late stage positive acceptance. Concludingly, this work shows the dialectic process of life's negation-new affirmation, which is the main factor connecting the different stories like a united one.

Tell Tale Heart와 Bartleby의 자의식의 문제

김헌범 濟州漢拏大學論文編輯委員會 2005 論文集-논문집편집위원회 Vol.28 No.-

Poe and Melville lived in the times of transition to the modern industrial society. So-called American Romanticism dominated most of the writers, such as Poe, Emerson. Hawthorne. Melville. and many others. Negative aspects of industrialization caused alienation and human relations cut-off. The writers and some philosophers tried to overcome those problems. romanticism sweeping Americans as a way of solving social problems. In the novels Poe and Melville wrote about human’s internal mind, that is, self-consciousness which is a basic concept of human relationship. Self-consciousness is consciousness about both self and others who have the ability of recognition like yourself. According to Hegel and Sartre, self-consciousness necessarily leads to conflicts with others or struggles to be recognized by others. As Sartre notified. it is very difficult or even impossible to have harmonious relationships between two existences. Tell-Tale Heart described the danger of self consciousness which lead to the hero's death after all. Self consciousness started from other’s eyes. To overcome it the hero kill the old man. It shows the destructiveness of self-consciousness. Bartleby links the subject with his social circumstance. The hero insists he is the owner of his consciousness. while the narrator doesn’t want to recognize the hero as the subject of self consciousness The failure of their human relationship shows one of the models of human relationship in industrial society. As far as the ’self-consciousness’ issue remains in modern times. it will constantly be the important subject in literature forever. In the early 20th century and naturalism passed and modernism began. Modernism has focused on self consciousness again. After self consciousness didn’t have any positive results, realism. its successor. didn’t give any attention to it. Modernism. however. based on absoluteness of human consciousness. has much interest in the problems of human relationships and overcoming alienation. I hope this study will give some help to enrich meanings of these two works dealing with human’s main concerns.