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이사야 7:14하의 번역 - ‘하알마’와 무동사절을 중심으로 -
김유기(Yoo-ki Kim) 대한성서공회 2020 성경원문연구 Vol.0 No.46
The Hebrew term hā‘almāh in Isaiah 7:14b has been rendered as cheonyeo in most Korean translations, which partly corresponds to ‘virgin’ in English, without taking the definite article ha- into account. Moreover, all the Korean versions under review have rendered the adjective hārāh and the participle yōledet as future tense verbs. ‘almāh is attested in the Hebrew Bible nine times, but none of the other instances put focus on ‘virginity’. Along with bětȗlāh and na‘ărāh, ‘almāh generally refers to a young woman. The LXX translates ‘almāh as parthenos, which has been suggested to mean ‘virgin’ since the LXX almost mechanically renders Hebrew bětȗlāh as parthenos. However, bětȗlāh does not always focus on virginity and parthenos is sometimes chosen to translate na‘ărāh. In addition, the context of Isaiah 7:14 does not warrant the translation of ‘almāh as cheonyeo or ‘virgin’. Korean versions also need to translate the Hebrew definite article into the Korean determiner geu since the young woman in this verse is likely to be a particular person known to the interlocutors of the reported speech. The adjective hārāh and the participle yōledet immediately follows the subject hā‘almāh as predicates. Korean translations as well as a number of translations in other languages render the adjective and participle as future tense verbs. However, they are preceded by hinnēh, which presents actions or events in temporal proximity. The context also suggests that the events referred to by these predicates are occurring or will soon come true. The woman is probably pregnant now and will soon give birth to a son. Therefore, it is recommended that these predicates be rendered using present tense or near future tense verbs. After all, the sign is not about a virgin birth but the birth of a son and naming him Immanuel, which promises protection to King Ahaz and his kingdom.
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김유기(Yoo-ki Kim) 대한성서공회 2016 성경원문연구 Vol.- No.39
This article focuses on the deferential self-reference expression ‘your servant’ in Biblical Hebrew and the Korean deferential pronoun cheo. There are similarities between these two forms in terms of pragmatic functions. But they differ in their morphosyntactic properties and frequency of use. The Hebrew forms have not been fully grammaticalized to be recognized as pronouns. More importantly, these forms alternate with first-person forms such as pronominal suffixes, verbal conjugations, and independent pronouns. An examination of the major Korean translations of 1 Samuel 1-3 reveals that most of them simply render deferential self-reference forms lexically, though their lexical meaning cannot usually be found in the original Hebrew text. This type of literal translation could cause confusion among the readers. They might think that the speaker is literally a slave of the addressee or is flattering his/her superior, while in fact the forms are regular means of deference in Hebrew. Hebrew deferential self-reference forms can better be rendered using the Korean deferential pronoun with the help of other means of deference. In addition, the absence of deferential forms when speaking to a status-marked person can signify that the speaker is on an equal standing or in intimate terms with the addressee. Therefore, both the presence and absence of deferential forms can serve as markers that inform better functional translations.
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김유기(Yoo-ki Kim) 대한성서공회 2021 성경원문연구 Vol.- No.48
In the story of Jehu’s rebellion in 2 Kings 9, the question hăšālôm appears five times. The speakers are Jehu’s fellow commander (v. 11), the first (v. 18) and second (v. 19) horsemen sent by Joram, Joram himself (v. 21), and Jezebel (v. 31), while the addressee is Jehu in all these cases. The Septuagint renders hăšālôm in 2 Kings 9 consistently as an interrogative particle εἰ and εἰρήνη (‘peace’). The Vulgate also employs the words pax (peace) and pacatus (peaceful) in four of the five cases. Yet the Latin version is not as literal as the Greek in its translation of the expression. Some modern translations use words meaning peace, either consistently or partly, while others resort to a greeting formula. In its form, hăšālôm is a typical polar question. A speaker can utter this short question simply to greet the addressee or ask about a third party’s wellbeing by adding a prepositional phrase which points to the third party. As with other polar questions in Biblical Hebrew, an echo system language, the addressee generally responds with šālôm, the first word of the question, to answer the question in the affirmative. The negative answer lō’ expected in other polar questions is not found for hăšālôm in the Old Testament. Probably, the expression was generally not taken as a serious question but a greeting formula. In 2 Kings 9, Jehu never answers hăšālôm questions with šālôm. He either does not respond to the question (vv. 11, 31) or responds in an uncooperative manner (vv. 18, 19, 22). At any rate, the five occurrences of hăšālôm directed to Jehu are not real questions about peace but general greetings. Therefore, it is best to render hăšālôm as a greeting in the target language, such as annyeong- in Korean.
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유기선(Ki-Seon Yoo),김지선(Ji-Sun Kim),김청(Qing Jin),문진석(Jin Seok Moon),김명동(Myoung-Dong Kim),한남수(Nam Soo Han) 한국식품과학회 2008 한국식품과학회지 Vol.40 No.4
한국인의 포도주 기호도 특성을 조사하기 위해 2007년 6월부터 8월까지 3개월간 충북 청주 및 경기도 부천에서 250명의 소비자를 대상으로 국내에서 유통되고 있는 적포도주 상품 6종에 대해 5점 시험법(1점, 매우 싫다; 5점, 매우 좋다)으로 기호도 조사를 실시하였다. 그 결과 향기와 색 선호도에 있어 B 포도주가 각각 3.95(좋아한다), 3.95(좋아한다)로 기호도가 가장 높게 나타났다. 단맛, 신맛 그리고 떫은맛에 대한 선호도 조사에서는 B와 D 포도주가 가장 높게 나타났다. 전체적인 기호 조사 결과에서는 전체 참여자들의 45%가 B 포도주를 가장 선호한 것으로 조사되었으며 다음으로 참여자의 25%가 D 포도주를 선호하는 것으로 조사되었다. 가장 기호도가 높은 B 포도주의 성분분석 결과, ethanol 함량은 10%, brix는 9.4, 총당 함량은 3.7%, pH는 3.5, 총 산함량은 5.74 ㎎/mL이었으며 향기는 체리 또는 딸기의 과일향이었고, 색도 분석 결과 L 값은 12.04±0.01, a 값은 33.90±0.19, b 값은 8.22±0.00로 나타났다. 세부항목 조사 결과 전반적으로 당도가 높은 포도주일수록 선호하였으며 떫은맛은 반대로 낮을수록 선호하였다. 그러나, 이러한 경향은 연령대와 소비량에 따라 변화하는 양상도 함께 보여 더욱 체계적인 조사가 필요함을 보여주었다. 포도주 선택 기준에 대한 질문에 전체 응답자의 71%가 단맛을 최우선 하는 것으로 응답하였으며 다음으로 14%가 적정 가격이라 응답했으며 8%가 구매 편의성이라 응답하였다. 본 조사는 국내 소비자들의 적포도주 기호도를 조사한 첫 보고로서 의미를 갖는다. 본 연구에서 얻어진 소비자 기호 특성에 대한 정보는 장차 국내 포도주의 품질 향상과 소비자 맞춤형 제품을 생산하는데 기초자료로 활용될 것으로 기대된다. The sensory characteristics of imported (two dry, two sweet, and one medium dry wines) and domestic (one sweet wine) red wine were evaluated by 250 panels. The preferences of aroma, color, sweetness, tartness, astringency, and overall acceptability were determined by 5-point just-about-right scale. Among six wines, B sample obtained the highest mean overall acceptability score of 3.67 and its chemical and sensory characteristics were as follow: cherry or strawberry aroma, 9.4 brix, 3.7% of sugar content, pH 3.5, 10% of ethanol, 0.14% of tannin, 5.74 ㎎/mL of total organic acids, and color of L(12.04±0.01), a(33.90±0.19), and b(8.22±0.00). These results revealed that Korean consumers generally prefer sweet taste to dry one, flat taste to bitter one, and fruity aroma to others. Panels preferred a red wine containing high sugar content of 5~10%. On the other hand, panels showed low preference to the wine containing tannin above 0.16%. However, these general trends were slightly varied depending on their ages and consuming frequencies.
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좋은 수학 수업에 대한 고등학교 수학 교사의 선호도 비교
유기종 ( Ki Jong Yoo ),김창일 ( Chang Il Kim ),고상숙 한국수학교육학회 2016 수학교육 Vol.55 No.1
The purpose of this study was to research and compare teachers`` preferences for ``Great Math Class`` by region and gender. The research was conducted on 261 high school math teachers by using non-probability sampling. As the results of the study, regional preference had no statistically significant difference in all four factors of ``Great Math Class`` while gender preference had statistically significant difference only in the factor of teaching (methods) and learning methods. Both region and gender had statistically significant positive (+) relationship with preference for all four factors. This implies that it is necessary to consider socio-cultural factors rather than teachers`` perception on class for regional differences in academic achievements in mathematics.
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김유한(Yu-Han Kim),이현동(Hyeoun-Dong Lee),유기호(Ki-Ho Yoo) 전력전자학회 2008 전력전자학술대회 논문집 Vol.- No.-
연료전지차 및 하이브리드차용 전기구동시스템의 냉각성능은 차량의 동력성능을 보장하기 위한 중요한 요소이다. 각 단품의 성능 확보를 위해 냉각수를 허용 온도 이하로 관리해야 하며 이때 라디에이터 방열량과 냉각수 유량이 중요 변수가 된다. 본 논문에서는 현대자동차 연료전지차량의 모터, 인버터를 포함한 100㎾ 전기구동시스템의 최적 냉각 설계를 위하여 차량 주행모드에 따른 전기동력부품의 발열량을 이론적으로 산출하고, 시험을 통하여 냉각시스템의 성능을 검증하였다.
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