포장필름의 인쇄도수별 탄소발자국 비교분석

김명화 ( Myeonghwa Kim ),황윤영 ( Yoon-young Hwang ),김익 ( Ik Kim ) 한국전과정평가학회 2016 한국전과정평가학회지 Vol.17 No.2

The packaging market is increasing day by day, as packaging containers become more luxurious and more expensive, the cost and environmental burden of packing containers are increasing at the same time. In recent years, however, some companies have shifted toward lowering the number of prints while lowering the carbon footprint of products and reducing costs as a means of reducing the weight of containers or making packaging designs more simplified. In this study, the method of printing on packaging containers by using LCA and the comparative analysis of the carbon footprint according to the change of printing frequency and the appropriate alternative for reducing the carbon footprint of product. This study analyzes how the contribution of the carbon footprint according to the printing frequency of packaging containers using LCA. As a result, the total amount of the carbon footprint of one packaging container accounts for 67.5% of the total production process and 32.2% emissions from the production of packaging film. And the result of analyzing the carbon footprint from the production process by frequency, it is found that as the number of prints increases, the contribution from printing in the production process increases. We also assumed the situation of converting the fuel source from LNG to wood pellet boiler and compared the contribution of the carbon footprint of the printing process.

조선 후기 충훈부(忠勳府)의 공신적장(功臣嫡長) 구전(口傳)과 충의청(忠義廳)의 역할 - 충훈부 문서와 『충훈부등록(忠勳府謄錄)』을 중심으로 -

김명화 ( Kim Myeonghwa ) 한국고문서학회 2019 古文書硏究 Vol.55 No.-

충훈부는 정1품아문으로 공신과 공신자손으로 구성된 기관이다. 업무 또한 이들에 대한 전반적인 운영을 맡았다. 그중에서도 공신자손에 대해서는 공신 녹훈 이후 규정에 따라 그 현황을 파악·관리하는 업무를 담당하였다. 충훈부의 공신적장 구전은 충훈부가 공신자손을 임명·예우하는 것이다. 이러한 과정은 『충훈부등록』과 각종 고문서를 통해 살펴볼 수 있다. 첫 번째 공신적장의 구전을 요청하는 ‘口傳單子’가 충훈부에 접수되면, 충훈부당상은 이를 시행하도록 題辭를 내린다. 두 번째 충훈부가 공신적장 구전을 요청하는 ‘啓目’을 국왕에게 올려 결재 받는다. 세 번째 국왕의 구전을 받은 충훈부는 공신적장에게 ‘嫡長忠義衛 口傳差帖’을 발급한다. 네 번째 더불어 공신적장을 忠佐衛 소속 遞兒職에 부록하였다. 공신적장 구전을 전후로 충의청의 면신·허참례가 있었는데 이때 발급된 문서가 ‘立案’이다. 이는 면신·허참례를 통과하였다는 증명서이다. 면신·허참례는 규정상 충훈부의 공신적장 구전 이후에 시행하도록 하였다. 충훈부 소속 기관인 충의청은 공신자손 그중에서도 공신적장으로 구성되었다. 공신자손의 구전·부록과 같은 각종 임명, 공신자손 내력 확인을 통한 충의위 削案과 復案 등 공신자손 관련 사안에 대해 관여하였다. 그중에서도 가장 큰 역할은 공신적장의 진위 여부를 조사하는 역할이었다. 조선 후기에 면역을 위해서 공신자손의 지위인 忠義衛에 冒錄하는 경우가 많아졌는데 이를 바로 잡는 역할을 충의청에서 담당하였다. Chunghunbu(Merit Awards Administration) was a first rank public office(guanbu, 官府) of gongsin(meritorious subjects). Its members included gongsin and their descendants. It was also responsible for the overall operations. Chunghunbu was responsible for identifying, appointing, honoring, and proving the status of the descendants of meritorious subjects according to the regulations for honoring(yewoo, 禮遇) the descendants of gongshin after gongsin nokhun(錄勳). The gongsin jeokjang gujeon of the Chunghunbu identifies, appoints, and honors the descendants of the meritorious subjects. This process can be examined through the “Chunghunbu Records” and various ancient documents(古文書). First, the “gujeondanja(口傳單子)” that requests the oral tradition of the gongsin jeokjang is received by the Chunghunbu, and the Chunghunbu dangsang(堂上) issues a jessa(題辭) to carry out this request. Second, the Chunghunbu sends the gyemok (啓目) that requests the gongsin jeokjang gujeon to the king to receive approval. Third, the Chunghunbu, which received the gujeon of the king, issues the “jeokjang chunguiwi(嫡長忠義衛) gujeon chacheob (口傳差帖)”. Fourth, the gongsinjeokjang is appended(付祿) to the chungjwawi(忠佐衛) cheajik(遞兒職). The myeonsin(免新) and heochamnye(許參禮) are held before and after the gongsin jeokjang gujeon; the document issued here is the “iban(立案)” This is a certificate of completion of the myeonsin and heochamnye. According to regulations, the myeonsin and heochamnye are performed after the gongsin jeokjang gujeon of the Chunghunbu. Chunguicheong, an affiliated agency of Chunghunbu, also consisted of gongsin jeokjang among the descendants of gongsin. This agency was involved in matters related to the descendants of gongsin, including various appointments, confirming their naeryeok(來歷), sakan(削案), and bokan (復案). Among these responsibilities, its primary duty was to investigate the authenticity of the gongsin jeokjang. In the late Joseon Dynasty, as fraudulent recordings(morok, 冒錄) became more frequent in chunguiwi(忠義衛), the rank of the descendants of gongsin, Chunguicheong served the role of identifying such cases.

이용자의 공간인지를 고려한 지하철역사 재난대응시설에 관한 연구

김명화 ( Kim Myeonghwa ),김주연 ( Kim Jooyun ),장영호 ( Jang Youngho ),백승경 ( Back Sungkeong ) 한국공간디자인학회 2020 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.15 No.8

(Research background and purpose) The world's first subway system started in London, England in 1863, and Korea became a part of everyday life with the opening of Line 1 in 1974. Currently in 2020, Seoul and Gyeonggi subways grew to nine routes, four for Busan, three for Daegu, one for Gwangju and one for Daejeon. The subway is becoming the most important means of transportation in our daily lives, and it plays an important role for the development of industries such as the economy and culture of the region. Due to the development of these subways, the number of passengers is increasing, and accordingly, this research aims to present a pleasant environment in the subway stations, where spaces and roles are expanding, and to provide directions for safety information design of subway stations. (Research method) The scope was selected based on the subway station spaces of Chongshin University Station(Isu) Station (Line 4 and 7), Hapjeong Station (Line 2 and 6, Seonreung Station(Line 2 and Suin Bundang Line), and Yeouido Station (Line 5 and 9), which are operated by the Seoul Transportation Corporation, and the leading studies of subway stations, disaster response facilities, and universal design were analyzed after theoretical consideration to draw up the current problems. (Results) Disaster response facilities lacked accessibility and attention compared to other facilities and had difficulty in user recognition. Due to the lack of awareness due to overlapping facilities in limited subway stations, it was difficult to access the facilities, and the need for application of visual, physical, and social elements was emphasized due to the limited height and use of the facilities for the socially disadvantaged, and the need for universal design application was emphasized, and the design and information of each facility was different and the usability of equipment was not harmonized with the existing environment, causing confusion and rejection. This supports the effective delivery of information on facilities by emphasizing information transfer and attention, and should be provided to users to the extent that safety and attention are empathized without prejudice to user movements. (Conclusion) It is meaningful to establish continuous research to improve the disaster response facilities of subway stations so that they can be used fairly and equally by users. The subway system will become more established and developed in our daily lives, and the space and functional demands of subway stations will continue to increase. For the safety of the steadily increasing number of subway station users, we hope that based on this research, we will apply disaster response facilities that have strengthened the focus on subway stations and create a safe environment for everyone to use subway station s fairly and safely.

고랭지에서 기후조건이 국내육성 옥수수 품종의 생육특성에 미치는 영향

김맹중(Meingjooung Kim),이승호(Seungho Lee),장선식(Sunsik Chang),김태일(Taeil Kim),최순호(Sun Ho Choi),조원모(Wonmo Cho),홍성구(Seonggu Hong),이상락(Sangrak Lee),김명화(Myeonghwa Kim) 한국초지조사료학회 2011 한국초지조사료학회지 Vol.31 No.4

본 연구는 표고 760 m 지역인 강원도 평창군 대관령면에 위치한 국립축산과학원 한우시험장에서 2009년부터 2010년까지 2년간 기후조건과 사일리지용 옥수수의 생육특성과 생산량의 관계를 검토하였다. 파종에서 수확기까지의 평균최저기온은 2009년에 12.29℃, 2010년에는 14.30℃ 였고 평균최고기온은 2009년 21.66℃, 2010년 23.48℃ 였다. 평균기온은 2009년 16.86 ℃, 2010년 18.66℃ 였다. 일조시간은 2009년도 711.3시간, 2010년 663.8시간이었고 강수량은 2009년 893.8 mm, 2010년 762.1 mm였다. 초기생육은 2009년에 광평옥, 강다옥, 청안옥, 청사옥, 평안옥 모두 1.2로 나타나 초기생육이 양호하였고 2010년에는 평안옥은 1.3으로 양호하였으나 다른 네 품종은 2.4~3.0으로 2009년보다 양호하지 못하였다. 착수고는 모든 품종의 평균값에서는 2009년도 86.8cm, 2010년도 106cm로 높은 유의차가 인정되었다(p<0.001). 줄기의 직경도 모든 품종에서 2010년도가 굵었으며 년도 간 유의차가 인정되었고(p<0.01, p<0.001), 모든 품종의 평균값에서도 높은 유의차가 나타났다(p<0.001). 초장은 2009년에는 200 cm 2010년에는 268 cm로 높은 유의차가 인정되었다(p<0.001). 출사에 소요된 평균기간이 2009년에는 103.8일, 2010년에는 90일로 연도에 따른 높은 상관관계가(p<0.001) 나타났다. 2009년도와 2010년도에 모든 품종에서 도복은 일어나지 않았으며 병충해의 피해도 나타나지 않았다. 암 이삭 비율은 모든 품종의 평균 비율은 2009년 23.4%, 2010년 62.1%로 두 배 이상의 차이가 나타났다. 모든 품종의 평균 생초수량은 2009년에 64, 611 kg/ha, 2010년도에 78, 733 kg/ha으로 나타났다(p<0.001). 건물생산량은 2009년 보다 평균기온이 높은 2010년에 많았다. 가소화영양소총량 비율은 강다옥과 청안옥은 2009년도에 높았으며 청사옥과 평안옥은 2010년도에 높게 나타났다. 조단백질의 함량은 모든 품종에서 2009년 보다 2010년에 더 많은 함량을 나타내었다. 본 연구 결과 기온과 생육특성 및 수량과의 관계를 보았을 때 고랭지에서는 광평옥과 평안옥이 재배하기 적합한 품종이었다. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between climates, growth characteristic and yield of silage corn at Hanwoo Experiment Station, National Institute of Animal Science, Daegwallyeong in Gangwon Province located at altitude of 760 m, from 2009 to 2010. The mean minimum temperature was 12.29℃ from seeding to harvest in 2009, 14.30℃ in 2010, the mean maximum temperature was 21.66℃, 23.48℃, respectively. The mean temperature was 16.86℃ in 2009 and 18.66℃ in 2010, respectively. Duration of sunshine was 711.3 hours in 2009 and 663.8 hours in 2010, and precipitation was 893.8 mm in 2009 and 762.1 mm in 2010, respectively. In 2009, for all Kwangpyeongok, Gangdaok, Cheonganok, Cheongsaok, Pyeonganok, the early growth was good with 1.2, while in 2010 the growth for Pyeonganok was good with 1.3 comparing to others, which showed worse growth than in the previous year with 2.4~3.0. There was significant difference in the ear height between 2009 and 2010, showing mean value of 86.8 cm and 106 cm for all the species in 2009 and in 2010, respectively (p<0.001). In 2010, stem diameter for all the species were larger, and there was significant difference in mean value of the diameter between 2009 and 2010 (p<0.001). There was significant difference in the plant height and ear height between 2009 and 2010, showing 200 cm and 268 cm in 2009 and 2010, respectively (p<0.001). There was significant difference in the average days to silk, showing 103.8 days in 2009, 90 days in 2010, respectively (p<0.001). There was no lodging or disease-insect damage in all hybrid silage corn in both 2009 and 2010. The mean ear rates were 23.4% in 2009, but almost doubled, 62.1%, in 2010. There was significant difference in fresh yield between the two years, showing 64, 611 kg/ha in 2009 and 78, 733 kg/ha in 2010, respectively (p<0.001). Dry matter yields were higher in 2010 than in 2009. TDN yields of Gangdaok and Cheonganok were higher in 2009, whereas that of Cheongsaok and Pyeonganok were higher in 2010. Crude protein contents were higher in 2010 than in 2009 for all the species.