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김덕영(Kim Deog Yeong) 한국사회이론학회 2002 사회이론 Vol.- No.21
It is not exaggerating to argue that the whole Korean life has been influenced very strongly by western culture. But at the same time, it has not been totally replaced by it. Rather, a specific combination of tradition and modernity can he everywhere observed. The sphere of science and education is no exception. During the process of modernization, modern western science - known in Korea as `kwahak` - found a mode of coexistence with traditional Korean education - known in Korea as `hakmoon`. While the former implies the existence of various particular sciences, the latter refers to a concept of universal philosophy. And on the other hand, while the former implies empirical research work through professional scientists in the realm of universities and research institutes, the latter refers to the general education of a cultivated universal man. For that very reason, Koreans expect scientists, especially professors, to live and behave as cultivated universal men, bur not as professional specialists. In Europe, universities remain traditionally an independent and autonomous universe, while in Korea they have been subordinated to the political purposes of the state. Thus Korean society requires the university to contribute directly to the practical needs of society. Although the Korean educational system is totally westernized, traditional ideals of teaching and its methodology still play a very important role. Correspondingly, the relationship between teacher and student is still conceived as being that of an elder person who is more educated and cultivated on the one hand, and a younger person who has to be educated and cultivated through the former on the other hand. Korean science and education have to be modernized more consistently. The basis of the modern world lies in the modern world itself, and not in the traditional world. Further development of tradition is certainly very important and meaningful, but at the same time it is possible and effective only on the basis of modernity.
급성신부전 환자의 간헐적 응급 혈액투석에서의 투석량 전달과 이에 미치는 영향 인자
김덕영 ( Kim Deog Yeong ),송준호 ( Song Jun Ho ),임희정 ( Im Hui Jeong ),서주현 ( Seo Ju Hyeon ),박근호 ( Park Geun Ho ),김희구 ( Kim Hui Gu ),이승우 ( Lee Seung U ),김문재 ( Kim Mun Jae ) 대한신장학회 2004 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.23 No.1
목 적 : 중증 급성신부전 환자에서 투석량 전달이 예후에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구들이 최근 진행되고 있고 투석량이 많았던 환자들에서 생존율이 높았다는 연구결과가 보고된 바 있다. 저자들은 간헐적 응급 혈액투석 (intermittent hemodialysis)을 시행 받는 급성신부전 환자들에서 실제 전달된 투석량을 파악하고 투석량 전달에 미치는 임상 요인과 투석량과 예후와의 관계를 조사하였다. 방 법 : 1999년 1월부터 6개월간 본원에서 급성신부전으로 투석을 받은 중증 신부전 환자들에서 single pool urea kinetic modeling을 이용하여 Kt/V를 구하였으며 (평균연령 49.3±180세, 남녀비 4:5), 이를 여러 임상 인자들과 비교하였다. 결 과 : 전체 대상 환자는 1회 평균 투석시간 225.6±40.4분의 간헐적 응급 혈액투석을 평균 6.4±4.8회 받았으며, 전체 생존율은 55.5%였다. 전체 환자에서 처방된 투석량 (prescribed Kt/V)는 1.24±0.39이었으나, 실제 전달된 투석량 (delivered Kt/V)은 1.08±0.17로 평균 전달 투석량 대 처방 투석량 비 (delivered/prescribed Kt/V)는 87.1±43%였다. 각 임상인자 중 전달 투석량 대 예상 투석량 비와 유의한 상관 관계를 보인 것은 투석시간 (R=-0.547, p=0.019), Cleveland Clinic Foundation (CCF) severity score (R=-0.486, p=0.041), 투석 중 저혈압 빈도 (R=-0.419, p=0.043)로 나타났다. 전체 환자의 66.7%에서 전달된 투석량이 1.2 이하였으며, 이들의 생존율은 50.0%로 1.2 이상 환자의 66.6%에 비해 낮았으나 통계학적 유의성은 없었다 (p>0.05). 전달된 투석량 1.2 이하인 환자는 통계학적으로 유의하게 짧은 투석시간과 적은 처방 투석량을 보였다 (p<0.05). 전달된 투석량에 유의한 상관 관계를 보인 인자는 투석 시간, 투석 시작시의 BUN값, 처방된 투석량 등이었다 (p<0.05). 사망자는 생존자에 비해 의미있게 낮은 최초 혈청 creatinine치, 높은 CCF severity score, 투석 중 빈번한 저혈압, heparin의 저용량 사용 등을 보였으며 (p<0.05), 처방 투석량은 생존자와 사망자간에 차이가 없었으나 (1.22±0.30 대 1.31±0.45), 실제 전달된 투석량 (1.17±0.17 대 1.04±0.17; p<0.05)과 전달 투석량 대 처방 투석량 비 (95.9±22.6 대 79.3±15.6%; p<0.05)는 사망자에서 유의하게 낮았다. 결 론 : 급성신부전 환자의 혈액투석 증 투석량 전달율은 약 87%이며 반수 이상의 환자에서 투석량이 적은 것으로 나타났고, 사망자에서 투석량 전달율이 유의하게 낮았다. 생존자들에서 투석량이 많았던 양상을 보인 것은 기존 연구와 일치하나 이것이 독립변수로 작용한 것인지, 중증도와 혈압상태에 따른 투석시간 단축에 따른 종속변수로 작용한 것인지에 대해서는 결론을 내리기가 어려우며, 전향적 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다. Background : Recent studies have suggested that the outcomes of the patients with acute renal failure (ARF) may related to delivered dose of dialysis. In such context, a number of investigators have reported about delivered dose of dialysis and its contribution to outcomes of ARF, using Kt/V. The purpose of the study was to evaluate actual delivered dose of dialysis in intermittent hemodialysis (HD) in critically ill ARF patients, clinical factors contributing delivery of dialysis dose, and relationship of delivered dialysis dose and survival. Methods : Delivered and prescribed dose of dialysis, presented as Kt/V, were measured in ARF patients intermittent HD in intensive care unit of Inha University Hospital from January 1999, until December 1999, using single pool urea kinetic model. Results : All subjects received intermittent HD of 6.4±4.8 times with mean of 225.6±40.4 min per session. Overall survival was 55.5%. Prescribed Kt/V in all subjects was 1.24±0.39, but actual delivered Kt/V was 1.08±0.17. A mean delivered/prescribed Kt/V ratio was 87.1±43%. Duration of HD session (R=-0.547, p=0.019), Cleveland Clinic Foundation Severity Score (R=-0.486, p=0.041), and frequency of hypotensive episodes (R=-0.419, p=0.043) were significantly correlated with delivered/prescribed Kt/V ratio. Delivered dose was under 1.2 in 66.7% of the subjects. Survival rate of these patients was 50.0%, which was lower as compared to 66.6% of the patients with delivered dose over 1.2. Patients with low delivered dose (Kt/V<1.2) showed significantly low prescribed dose and short HD time (p<0.05). Delivered Kt/V was correlated with BUN at initiation of dialysis, HD duration, and prescribed Kt/V (p<0.05). Non-survivors showed significantly low initial serum creatinine, low CCF severity score, high frequency of hypotensive episodes, and less use of heparin (p<0.05). Prescribed Kt/V was not different between survivors and non-survivor (1.22±0.30 vs 1.31±0.45), but delivered Kt/V (1.17±0.17 vs 1.04±0.17; p<0.05) and delivered/prscribed Kt/V (95.9±22.6% vs 73.9±15.6%; p<0.05) were significantly higher in survivors than in non-survivors. Conclusion : In ARF patients, the delivery of dialysis was significantly lower than as was expected. Delivered/prescribed Kt/V was about 87% and more than half of the patients received intermittent HD of Kt/V less than 1.2. Better survival was associated with higher delivered dose of dialysis. We need further prospective studies about the causal relationship between delivered dose of dialysis and outcomes in ARF patients. (Korean J Nephrol 2004;23(1):92-100)
속도와 주행거리 변화에 따른 엔진 밸브와 시트 인서트의 마모 연구
홍재수(Jae Soo Hong),전경진(Keyoung Jin Chun),김재학(Jae Hak Kim),김양수(Yong Su Kim),김덕영(Deog Yeong Kim),임정규(Jeoung Kiu Im) 한국자동차공학회 2005 한국자동차공학회 춘 추계 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2005 No.5_1
Engine valve and seat insert wear is one of the most important factors affecting engine performance. Due to higher demands on performance and the increasing use of alternative fuel, engine valves and seat inserts are challenged with wear problems of more significant magnitude than in the past. In order to overcome such problems, a simulator has been developed to generate and control high temperatures and various speeds during motion. The wear simulator is considered to be a valid simulation of the engine valve and seat insert wear process with various speeds during engine activity.<br/> This work focuses on the various degrees of wear at three different singular test speeds (10㎐, 25㎐ & multi-㎐) as well astwo different cycle numbers (2.1×10^6 & 6.0×10^6). Throughout all tests performed in this study, the temperature of the outer surface of the seat insert was controlled at 350℃ and the test load was 1960N. It was found that higher speeds(25㎐) cause a greater degree of wear than lower speeds (10㎐) under identical test conditions (temperature, valve displacement, cycle number and test load). Although test cycle numbers were increased three times, the wear depths were not proportionally increased. Wear occurred rapidly in the initial stages of the test and the wear depths increased less significantly with each cycle number. It is shown that the wear depth of the 2.1×10^6 cycle number test at 25㎐ is much larger than that of the 6.0×106 cycle number test at 10Hz in both the valve and seat insert. Therefore, this result shows that speed (㎐) might affect wear to a greater extent than mileage (cycle number) in the valve and seat insert while the engine is running. Adhesive wear, shear strain and abrasive wear could be observed in the wear mechanisms of valves. Furthermore, adhesive wear, surface fatigue wear and abrasive wear could be observed in the wear mechanisms of seat insert.