페르시아어 명사구 어순의 유형론적 고찰

곽새라 ( Sae Ra Kwak ) 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2013 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.58

This paper is to scrutinize Persian NP internal order and its structure. In many typological studies, it is suggested that a language with object(dependent)> verb(head) order has the same order of dependent>head in other phrases. Persian is one of the exceptions. Persian has different word orders in NP depending on parameters. In this paper, we accept Cinque(2005)``s universal principle which assumes that all dependents precede the head noun and the diversity of word order is derived from the movement of the noun. By following this principle, Persian can have consistent word order. Moreover, Persian ezafe will be a good piece of evidence to support Cinque``s analysis.

The Structure of Persian negative sentences

곽새라(Kwak, Saera) 한국중동학회 2009 韓國 中東 學會 論叢 Vol.30 No.2

이 논문은 페르시아어의 부정문을 이루는 구성성분들을 분류하고, 다양한 페르시아어 부정문 구조를 분석하는 것을 그 목표로 한다. 부정문을 이루는 요소들에는 부정표지 외에도 부정극어(NPI)와 부정일치어(NCI)가 존재하는데, 대부분의 언어는 부정극어나 부정일치어 중 한 가지 요소만 갖는다. 그러나 본고에서는 Giannakidou(2000)과 Watanabe(2004)에 근거하여 페르시아어가 두 가지 요소 모두를 가지고 있는 언어임을 증명하고자 한다. 또한, Haegeman(1995)의 Neg-criterion과 Chomsky의 최소주의 이론을 토대로 부정요서들이 어떻게 부정문에서 허가되는지를 설명하다. 부정문은 통사구조 내의 NegP 핵에 해석성 [neg] 자질을 갖게 되는데, 이 자질은 부정요소가 가지고 있는 비해석성 혹은 해석성 [neg] 자질과 점검관계를 이루며 부정요소를 허가하게 된다. 이중부정문의 부정요소가 가지고 있는 자질은 비해석성 자질로서 NegP의 해석성자질과 점검 후 삭제되어 허가되며, 부정일치구분의 NCI는 해석성 자질로서 NegP의 자질과 Neg-absorption을 거쳐 적절한 해석을 이끌어내게 된다. 이에 더하여, 본고에서는 비현실적 문맥에서의 부정문이 가지는 특이 현상과 구조를 분석해 본다.

페르시아어 에저페(ezafe)의 분포와 통사구조

곽새라(Kwak, Sae-ra) 한국중동학회 2010 韓國 中東 學會 論叢 Vol.31 No.1

The aim of this paper is to show the distribution of ezafe and to examine the structure of ezafe construction in Persian. Persian ezafe is an unstressed /-e/ vowel U-ye/ before vowel) whose role is to connect two lexical items in NPs, APs and some PPs. In other words, ezate can be used in every phrasal category except VP and in PI prepositional phrase. This phenomenon can be explained based on the hypothesis that the [+N] feature of lexical items triggers ezafe. When lexical head takes its complement which bears [+ N] successively, ezafe also can be used recursively. Regarding the structure of ezafe construction, this paper accepted the basic concept of MahootianC1993l with some revision. To make up for Mahootian(1993)'s shortcomings, I proposed that the internal structure of EzP is head-first and also suggested some restrictions on the structure. With this revision, we can easily explain the NP structure which cannot take ezate vowel, and suggest consistent word order in every fuctional and lexical projections in Persian.

화이역어 페르시아어편 문헌분석의 중요성과 연구 방향성 고찰

곽새라(Kwak Sae Ra),강은지(Kang Eun Ji) 한국중동학회 2018 韓國 中東 學會 論叢 Vol.38 No.3

The purpose of this study is to introduce the Persian volume of Hua-yi-yi-yu, the Chinese-Barbarian Dictionary of the Bureau of Translators which was compiled during the Ming - Qing period and to present the importance of the research on this literature. Furthermore, this paper suggests the direction of the future research on this issue. The previous researches on Hua-yi-yi-yu are mostly limited to historical studies and other languages such as Korean and Uighur, etc. Only a few research on Persian version is available but it was studied in a descriptive level. The further linguistic research on the Persian volume of Hua-yi-yi-yu is essential in that the analysis on the Persian language in the 15th century has not been studied much, which is the language of the Persian volume of Hua-yi-yi-yu.

페르시아어 친족어 변화 고찰

곽새라(Kwak, Saera),강은지(Kang, Eunji) 한국중동학회 2021 韓國 中東 學會 論叢 Vol.41 No.3

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the morphological-semantic changes of Persian kinship terms from a diachronic point of view, and also to analyze cultural characteristics of Persian society which are revealed in Persian kinship terms. To examine those features, we sort out the kinship terms from version B and C of Hui-hui-guan-yi-yu, which are assumed to be published between 15th century and 17th century, and compare these terms with the terms in Iranian and Dari Persian. By doing so, we found the morphological changes as well as semantic changes. Moreover, we concluded that the paternal-centered vocabulary list reflects the paternal-centered culture of Persian-speaking societies, and that the family-centered culture influenced the diversity of Persian kinship terms.

페르시아어 이동 동사 구문 연구 -한국어 이동 동사 구문과 대조하여-

곽새라 ( Sae Ra Kwak ) 한국외국어대학교 중동연구소 2004 중동연구 Vol.22 No.2

페르시아어 ra 연구 -격 표지와 주제화 표지로서의 역할을 중심으로-

곽새라 ( Sae Ra Kwak ) 한국외국어대학교 중동연구소 2010 중동연구 Vol.29 No.2

This paper is to show how Persian ra functions in sentences both in grammatical Level and pragmatical level. In Persian traditional grammar, and even in the recent grammar books, ra has been introduced as a direct object marker, later as a definite direct object marker. However, several linguistic data show that this element can go with Persian indefinite marker ye(k) and -i, which is the counter example of a definite direct object marker. We witness that Persian ra follows nouns or pronouns which are specific. All nouns which are definite are specific. Moreover, for indefinite nouns, if the nouns are only familiar to speakers, not to hearers, the nouns are specific. In sum, ra can occur following specific direct objects. Another function of ra is its pragmatical function, which is topicalization marker. Topicalization is the strategy which expresses given information. Again, this topicalization also implies specificity. However, I argue that even though both functions imply one coommon characteristic, we cannot see ra in both cases as a functional marker, which is a specific marker. The facts that ra cannot follow subject position and this element is not a necessary condition for topicalization proves the argument. To sum up, Persian ra has two functions - one as a specific object marker, and the other as a topicalization marker, and thess two functions cannot be considered as one marker, such as specificity marker.

페르시아어 의문사 이동과 제약조건 연구

곽새라 ( Sae Ra Kwak ) 한국외국어대학교 중동연구소 2012 중동연구 Vol.30 No.3

The aim of this paper is to classify the interrogatives in Persian and to scrutinize the phenomenon of wh-movement in this language. Even though Persian has relatively free word order, it appears that there exist some constraints to block the wh-movement. Or, sometimes, the movement is obligatory. This paper suggests that the movement of wh-element and its constraints result from the internal structure of Persian language and feature checking matter. The lower structure in Persian is lexical phase where lexical items are inserted and generated and the upper structure is operator/discourse phase which has pragmatic force. TopP and FocP in operator/discourse phase attract features which can satisfy their features. Thus, in order for wh-elements to raise to the upper structure, the elements should bear appropriate features. Moreover, we suggest that wh-element, chera, which requires obligatory movement, contains uninterpreted strong feature. So, to check its feature, the element should move overtly. Furthermore, barriers such as vP and CP are also conditions which block the wh-movement.

페르시아어 전치사 분류에 대한 고찰

곽새라 ( Sae Ra Kwak ) 한국외국어대학교 중동연구소 2011 중동연구 Vol.30 No.1

The purpose of this study is to investigate why Persian prepositions do not have a consistent and exclusive list. We introduce the former classifications and try to find the problem with the criteria that the classifications had. To solve the problems and suggest a new and exclusive list of prepositions, this study focuses on the definition of prepositions and the syntactic behavior of them. Since some words or phrases which formerly classified as prepositions have lexical functions, not grammatical functions, and have the same features as nouns have, we exclude these lexical items from the list of the Persian prepositions. Only purely grammatical items are included into the list. In this way, we can prevent prepositions from being over-generated, and follow the universal rule for prepositions, which denotes that prepositions are grammatical category and closed class.

페르시아어 화행에 나타난 공손 표현 연구

곽새라 ( Kwak Saera ) 한국외국어대학교 중동연구소 2021 중동연구 Vol.39 No.3

One of the important elements that Korean learners of Persian should learn for successful communication with Iranians in a specific social context and culture is to understand their culture which considers politeness as the key element when they are communicating. The aim of this paper is to analyze and categorize the types of polite expressions and contexts which contain those expressions in Persian in order for the learners to make use of it for appropriate speech act. The data were collected from the Iranian TV series, Mosāferan, since the scripts of TV series well reflect everyday conversations as well as contexts, the intention of speaking etc. Mostly, in the contexts like request, instruction, thanking, apology and greetings, polite speech act is occurred. Moreover, 8 categories are suggested for the types of polite expressions - modal verbs of possibility and ability, guessing expressions, expressions showing speaker’s opinion, negation, honorifics, adverbs which lessen intensity, objectification, and ta’arof.