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인구전환(人口轉換) 3기(期)에서의 가족계획사업(家族計劃事業)
공세권 ( Sea Kwon Kong ),조애저 ( Ae Jeo Cho ) 한국보건사회연구원 1989 保健社會硏究 Vol.9 No.2
As we observe population changes based on the recent data, Korean population is believed to go into the third stage of population transition typed of low fertility and low mortality. Birth rate at recent days is 18.8. death rate 6.2, population growth rate 1.3 percent and fertility rate below the replacement level has been achieved by the 1980s. This noticea-ble descending to the strong fertility control policy introduced by the Government in 1961. After descending to the level of replacement at recent days. the Korean fertility rate connot continue to move downwards for a few years of the near future. Those results above will involve the relaxation of the existing fertility control policy. However this trend comes to a stationary population growth in the oversaturized popu-lation with 50 million persons in 2020s. while birth rate will be 12.0, death rate 8.2 and population growth rate 0.3 in 2015 to 2020 era. The phenmena of population in the third transitional stage are summarized to be over- density, aging and urban concentration of population. Population density, goes over 540 persons per kilometer and average life expectancy is over 75 years for both sexes, and median age of the total population is reaching to 40 years and urbanization rate will increase to 88 percent. Particularly rapid decline of fertility affects so much on population structure as to show contradictory changes in population composition. Young population bellow 15 years old will compose under 15 percent of total population, decreased from 30 percent in the recent days, and the aged population 65 and over years will increase to over the three times of 4 percent in the recent days. While total dependency ratio remains 40 percent inspite of the change of age composition, young dependency ratio and aged dependency ratio will compose 26 and 20 respectively in the near future. thus asking for a welfare orientation for the aged population. As population change is indispensable with industrialization, drastic industrialization and fertility decline shortened the second period of population transition at least a half century, During the period of drastic population transition, population is also influenced in a variety of ways such as the socio-economic aspects and demographic aspets. Changes of population structure request social welfare needs to meet the problems of education, employment, housing, family and the aged etc. Population policy focused mainly on fertility control till the present need re-establish- ment of policies emphasizing on populatlon quality aspects. Fertility control policicy which has key effects on population reduction has dedicated to the appeasement of population pressure on society from a broad view point. The positive effects the fertility control have on women and family should be stregthened while the secondary effects should be dealt for the improvement of population control policy. The secondary effects which fertility control have could be found in changes of function and role in family, family structu re and family life cycle. The effects as well as conflict and contradiction in family accelerate the family segrega-tion, furthermore make the family problems such as the support for the aged transfer to the society. There for family planning program should not be focused to mainly the fertility control but cover broadly the general welfare for the sound family life and further-more for the improvement of population quality.
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