β₂-촉진제 사용전후에 따른 만성폐쇄성폐질환/천식 환자의 음성 연구

강영애(Kang Youngae),김세훈(Kim Sehun),정성수(Jong Seongsu),이태용(Lee Taeyong),성철재(Seong Cheoljae) 한국음성학회 2010 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.2 No.2

An inhaled salbutamol and salmeterol for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) and asthma have been used worldwidely. But there has been few study about the voice change evoked from the post-medicine effect. To evaluate the voice influenced of short-acting and long-acting β₂-agonists, two experiments were carried out: one was salbutamol experiment 1 with eight patients, the other was salmeterol experiment 2 with six patients. Experiment 1 was made of two stages: premedication & postmedication. Experiment 2 was four stages: stageI was premedication, stageⅡ was postmedication & pregaggling, stageⅢ was postmedication & postgaggling(100 ml with water), and stageⅣ was postmedication & 30 minutes later. Measured parameters were F0, F0_SD, Jitter_rap, Shimmer_apq11, HNR, BW(1, 2, 3), Intensity, and H1-H2. The mean data collected from 3 repetitions each was statistically analyzed by Wilcoxon signed rank test for experiment 1 and repeated measures ANOVA for experiment 2. In experiment 1, significant differences were found in the Jitter_rap(Z= -2.10, p=0.036). The findings indicated that the postmedicated voice was worse than premedicated voice. In experiment 2, there wasn't significant difference, but values of parameters related to voice quality(Jitter_rap, Shimmer_apq11, HNR, and H1-H2) showed changes toward stageⅣ, that is, the voice quality was worse under medication.

파킨슨병 환자의 음향 모음 공간 파라미터 비교

강영애(Kang Youngae),윤규철(Yoon Kyuchul),이학승(Lee Hakseung),성철재(Seong Cheoljae) 한국음성학회 2010 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.2 No.4

The acoustic vowel space has been used as an acoustic parameter in dysarthric speech. The aim of this work was to examine mathematical formulae for acoustic vowel space and to apply these to Korean speakers with idiopathic Parkinson's disease(IPD). Five acoustic parameters were chosen from earlier works and one new parameter was proposed, the pentagonal vowel space. The six parameters included triangular vowel space (3 area), irregular quadrilateral vowel space (4 area), irregular pentagonal vowel space (5 area), vowel articulatory index (VAI), formant centralization ratio (FCR) and F2i/F1u ratio (F2 ratio). An experimental group of 32 IPD patients(male:female=16:16) and a control group of twenty healthy people (male:female=8:12) participated in the study and repeated vowels (/a-i-u-e-o/) three times. A correlation analysis was performed among the six parameters, 2-way ANOVA was done with gender and groups as independent factors, and an independent sample t-test was conducted between the male and the female group as post hoc comparison. All parameters were highly correlated with each other and only the FCR showed a high negative correlation with the others. The results of ANOVA showed a significant difference in F2 ratio, 3 area, 4 area and 5 area between gender and in 4 area and 5 area between groups. For the male members of the two groups, significant statistical differences were found in all parameters whereas no such differences were found for the female members. These findings indicated that the vowel space of the female group was wider than the vowel space of the male group. These differences may have been caused by gender-specific speech styles rather than by patho-physiological mechanisms. We also claim that the pentagonal vowel space is better than the other vowel spaces at representing the disordered speech in natural speech situations.

인두피판술 전ㆍ후의 공명파라미터의 비교 : 예비연구

강영애(Kang Youngae),강낙헌(Kang Nakheon),이태용(Lee Taeyong),성철재(Seong Cheoljae) 한국음성학회 2009 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.1 No.3

파킨슨병 환자와 정상노인 간의 문장 읽기에 나타난 운율 특성 비교

강영애(Kang Youngae),성철재(Seong Cheoljae),윤규철(Yoon Kyuchul) 한국음성학회 2011 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.3 No.1

In view of the hypothesis that the effects of Parkinson's disease on voice production can be detected before pharmacological intervention, the prosodic features of patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (IPD) and a healthy aging group were diagnostically analyzed with the long term object of establishing, for clinical purposes, early disease-progression biomarkers. Twenty patients (male 8; female 12) with IPD (prior to pharmacological intervention) and a healthy control group of 22 (male 10; female 12) were selected. Ten sentences were recorded with a head-worn microphone. One sentence was chosen for the analysis of this paper. Relevant parameters, i.e. 3-dimensional model (F0, intensity, duration) and pitch and intensity related slopes (maxEnergy, maxF0, meanAbS, semiT, meanEnergy, meanF0), were analyzed by two-group discriminant analysis. The stepwise estimation method of discriminant analysis was performed by gender. The discriminant functions predicted 83.9% of the male test data correctly while the prediction rate was 93.1% for the female group. The results showed that meanF0_slope and semiT_slope were more important parameters than the others for the male group. For the female group, the meanEnergy_slope and maxEnergy_slope were the important ones. These findings indicate that significant parameters are different for the male and female group. Gender lifestyle may be responsible for this difference. Dysprosodic features of IPD show not simultaneously but progressively in terms of F0, intensity and duration.ㅣㅑㅅㄷㄱㅁ셕ㄷ ?ㄷㅇ

기식 등급에 따른 CPP (Cepstral Peak Prominence) 분석 비교

강영애(Kang, Youngae),구본석(Koo, Bonseok),조철우(Jo, Cheolwoo) 한국음성학회 2015 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.7 No.1

The aim of this study is to synthesize pathological breathy voice and to make a cepstral peak prominence (CPP) table following breathiness ranks by cepstral analysis to supplement reliability of the perceptual auditory judgment task. KlattGrid synthesizer included in Praat was used. Synthesis parameters consist of two groups, i.e., constants and variables. Constant parameters are pitch, amplitude, flutter, open phase, oral formant and bandwidth. Variable parameters are breathiness (BR), aspiration amplitude (AH), and spectral tilt (TL). Five hundred sixty samples of synthetic breathy vowel /a/ for male were created. Three raters participated in ranking of the breathiness. 217 were proved to be inadequate samples from perceptual judgment and cepstral analysis. Finally, 343 samples were selected. These CPP values and other related parameters from cepstral analysis are classified under four breathiness ranks (B0~B3). The mean and standard deviation of CPP is 16.10±1.15 dB(B0), 13.68±1.34 dB(B1), 10.97±1.41 dB(B2), and 3.03±4.07 dB(B3). The value of CPP decreases toward the severe group of breathiness because there is a lot of noise and a small quantity of harmonics.

파킨슨병 환자와 정상 노인의 음성비교

강영애(Kang Youngae),김용덕(Kim Yongduk),반재천(Ban Jeachun),성철재(Seong Cheojae) 한국음성학회 2009 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.1 No.1

파킨슨병 환자 대상 자동 운율평가 프로그램 개발을 위한 예비연구

강영애(YoungAe Kang),윤규철(KyuChul Yoon),성철재(CheolJae Seong),박현영(HyunYoung Park) 한국언어청각임상학회 2012 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.17 No.2

배경 및 목적: 운율장애라는 용어는 사용되고 있으나, 운율과 관련된 전 영역을 손쉽게 객관적으로 측정할 무료 도구가 그리 많지 않다. 이와 관련하여, 본 연구는 임상에서 쉽게 사용할 수 있는 운율평가 프로그램과 변수를 개발하여 소개하고자 하는 목적에서 시도되었다. 방법: 본 프로그램은 음성분석 소프트웨어 praat을 자동으로 제어하는 스크립트 기능을 이용하여 제작되었으며, 음도, 강도, 길이 기본 변수를 고려하여 총 11개 운율변수를 측정한다. 운율변수로는 문장길이, 음도관련 변수(평균음도, 최저음도, 최고음도, 음도범위), 강도관련 변수(평균강도, 최저강도, 최고강도, 강도범위), 기울기관련 변수(음도기울기, 강도기울기)다. 본 프로그램의 임상 연구를 위하여, 항파킨슨 약물을 복용중인 환자 10명과 연령을 통제한 정상군 20명을 대상으로 평서문과 의문문 각각 1개의 문장을 3회 녹음 후 평균처리 하여, 집단과 성별을 고려한 2 요인 다변량분산분석(MANOVA)을 실시하였다. 결과: 강도관련 변수는 집단(정상과 환자) 간 차이를 보였으며, 최저강도와 음도관련 변수는 성별 간 차이를 보였다. 또한 의문문의 음도기울기 변수는 성별 간 차이를 보였으며, 남성군에서 정상군보다 환자군에서 음의 기울기를 보여 의문문임에도 발화 후반부의 하강(slope = -.166)이 확인되었다. 또한 음도범위(pitch range)에서 집단과 성별 요인간의 교호작용이 관찰되었다. 강도관련 변수와 음도관련 변수 수치는 환자군보다 정상군에서 높았으며, 남성과 여성 비교시 남성군에서 강도는 높았고, 음도는 여성군이 높았다. 음도는 남녀의 내재적 차이로 인한 당연한 결과로 해석된다. 논의 및 결론: 임상에서 사용하기 편리하도록 프로그램을 녹음 단계 및 청지각적 평가 기록과 운율분석을 함께 하도록 구성하였으며, 연동에 문제가 없는 것으로 확인되었다. 음도, 강도 및 기울기 관련 11가지 운율변수에 대하여 제대로 측정됨을 확인하였다. 현재 개발 버전에서는, 쉼(pause)을 구분함이 없이 일괄적으로 발화길이를 측정한다는 한계가 있다. 이는 통일된 분석문장이 정해져 음절수를 사전에 제공하고, ‘쉼’ 레이블링과 같은 특별한 전처리(pre-processing) 과정이 주어진다면 충분히 보강할 수 있는 사항이다. Background & Objectives: Despite extensive studies of patients with aprosodic symptoms, no clinical tools have been developed that can help speech-language pathologists make objective and consistent diagnoses with ease for all of the prosodic aspects free of cost. The purpose of this study is to develop and verify an automated diagnostic prosody assessment program for patients with Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Methods: The program was developed in the form of a set of Praat scripts that control the overall diagnostic procedure. The core part of the scripts was built from the eleven parameters of prosody related to the pitch, loudness, and duration. The experimental group was composed of ten patients with Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease after pharmacological intervention and the control group was composed of twenty healthy people. Both groups recorded two sentences three times. One was a declarative sentence and the other was an interrogative sentence. The recordings were analyzed using the assessment program and a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted. Results: For both sentences, the loudness-related parameters were differed significantly between the groups and the minimum loudness, pitch-related parameters, and pitch-slope parameter of the interrogative sentence differed between genders. Especially in the interrogative sentence, the value of pitch slope in the male patient group was negative, which indicates that the pitch of the end of the sentence is lower than that of the front during total utterance. The values of loudness and pitch were higher in the normal group than in the patient group. The value of loudness in the male group and the pitch in the female group were higher, which is in agreement with the difference of the fundamental frequency between genders. Discussion & Conclusion: The existing program is convenient to use in the clinic setting, because it works automatically for various stages of the process including the recording stage, the perceptual judgment stage, and the analysis of prosody. It does not have any working problem and the parameters for prosody in the program are reliable and valid. The program does, however, need the addition of pause analysis.

관광 취약계층으로서 장애인과 고령자의 여가제약 비교 연구 : 열린 관광지 정책 관점에서

송화성(Song, Hwasung),강영애(Kang, Youngae) 대한관광경영학회 2021 觀光硏究 Vol.36 No.1

여가활동은 삶의 질을 결정하는 중요한 요소다. 모든 사람의 동등한 여가권 확보 및 삶의 질 향상과 관련하여 관광 분야에서는 여가제약 이론을 바탕으로 관광 취약계층의 관광 활동장애요소가 무엇인지를 찾는 연구들이 수행되었다. 정부에서도 관광 취약계층이 아무런 제약 없이 관광 활동에 참여할 수 있도록 관광지 여건을 개선하는 정책들을 추진 중이다. 정부의 관광정책이 관광 취약계층을 아우르는 포괄적인 방향으로 추진되고 있는 것을 고려하여 본 연구는 관광 취약계층인 장애인과 고령자의 여가제약 요인을 포괄적으로 비교 분석함으로써 그들의 여가제약 요인을 확인하고, 이를 바탕으로 ‘열린관광지’ 등 관련 정책과 관광지 관리 방향에 시사점을 제시하고자 하였다. 연구 결과, 장애인과 고령자 두 집단은 내재적ㆍ대인적ㆍ구조적 제약 측면에서 유사성이 높음을 확인하였다. 특히 여가 프로그램 부족과 경제적 부담 등의 구조적 제약이 공통의 제약요인으로 확인되었다. 그러나 장애인은 내재적 제약으로서 심리적 제약을 더 크게 인지하고 있었으며, 가족의 보호와 지지와 관련된 대인적 제약요인이 작용하고 있었다. 고령자의 경우는 건강 악화 등의 신체적 제약을 배제했을때, 돌봐야 하는 가족으로 인한 시간적 한계와 경제적 부담 요인이 관광 활동 참여에 크게 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구 결과를 바탕으로 관광지의 물리적 인프라 개선뿐만 아니라 콘텐츠 개발 및 인식개선 캠페인 전개, 서비스 다양화 등을 통해 ‘열린관광지’의 역할을 확대할 필요가 있음을 주장하였다. Leisure activities are an important factor in determining the quality of life. With regard to securing equal rights of leisure for all people and improving the quality of life, studies in the tourism field have used the theory of leisure constraints to identify obstacles to tourism activities of underprivileged tourist groups. The government is also pursuing policies to improve the conditions of tourist attractions so that underprivileged tourist groups can participate in tourism activities without any constraints. Considering that the government s tourism policies are being promoted in a comprehensive direction that encompasses underprivileged tourist groups, this study aimed to identify the leisure constraint factors of the disabled and the elderly by comprehensively comparing and analyzing such factors. Based on this, we attempt to present implications for the direction of related tourism policies and destination managements such as “accessible tourism destinations.” The study results showed that the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural constraints of both the disabled and the elderly were highly similar. In particular, structural constraints such as lack of leisure programs and economic burden were identified as constraints common to both groups. However, the disabled were more aware of psychological constraints including intrapersonal constraints, as well as the effect of interpersonal constraints such as the need for the protection and support of family members in participation in tourism activities. In the case of the elderly, with the exclusion of physical constraints such as deterioration of health, time limitations and economic burdens caused by family members who take care of them. The need to expand the role of “accessible tourism destinations” through development, awareness improvement, and service diversification was confirmed.

결혼이주여성의 여가제약협상 유형과 특성 : 잠재프로파일 분석(Latent Profile Analysis)을 이용하여

송화성(Song, Hwasung),이영안(Lee, Youngan),강영애(Kang, Youngae) 대한관광경영학회 2020 觀光硏究 Vol.35 No.3

본 연구의 목적은 잠재프로파일분석을 활용하여 여가제약협상에 따라 어떤 잠재계층이 존재하는지 확인하고, 그 특성 및 구조에 따라 유형화하는 것이다. 설문조사는 2018년 5월부터 2018년 7월까지 약 3개월에 걸쳐 이루어졌으며, 수원시의 결혼이민 관련 기관을 방문하여 해당 기관의 통역사/상담사와 함께 조사대상자와 1:1인터뷰를 실시하였다. 설문지는 중국어, 베트남어, 영어, 한국어 등 4개 국어로 구성하였으며, 유효 표본 197개를 획득하여 분석에 사용하였다. 분석결과, 응답자의 국적은 중국(44.2%), 베트남(38.1%)의 순으로 나타났으며, 학력은 고등학교 졸업이 43.7%로 가장 많았다. 응답자의 한국 거주기간은 평균 5.44년으로 나타났다. 잠재파일 분석결과, 여가제약협상에 대한 3개의 잠재프로파일이 도출되었으며, 동반자 탐색, 비용 절감, 기술습득, 시간 관리 등 여가제약협상전략에 따라 그룹명은 ‘소극형’, ‘배움형’, ‘적극형’으로 명명하였다. 교차분석과 일원분산분석을 사용하여 세 개의 하위유형을 결정하는 변인을 확인한 결과, 한국어 능력, 부부관계 만족도에서 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 반면, 교육, 소득, 한국 거주기간, 가정 내에서 주로 사용하는 언어와 배우자의 모국어에 대한 언어능력은 차이가 없었다. 본 연구를 통해 결혼이주여성의 여가가 여가제약 상태에 머무는 것이 아니라 여가제약을 극복하기 위해 노력하는 여가제약협상 단계로 발전해 나가고 있음을 추론할 수 있었다. 또한 결혼이주여성이 한국어라는 언어제약을 극복했을 때, 그리고 화목한 가정환경 내에서 여가제약협상에 적극적일 수 있음을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 언어제약 극복을 위한 결혼이주여성에 대한 한국어 교육 지원 강화와 가족중심형 여가활동 활성화 지원 필요성을 언급하였다. The purpose of this study is to identify what potential groups exist depending on leisure constraints negotiation by using latent profile analysis, and to categorize them according to their characteristics and structure. The survey was conducted over a period of 3 months from May through July 2018 through one-on-one interviews with interpreters or counselors at a marriage and immigration agency in Suwon City. Survey questions were asked in four languages: Chinese, Vietnamese, English, and Korean. 197 valid samples were obtained and included in analyses. The nationality of the majority of respondents were Chinese (44.2%) and Vietnamese (38.1%), and high school graduation (43.7%) was the most common level of education. Residency in Korea was on average 5.44 years. The results indicated three latent profiles with regard to the negotiation of leisure constraints - inactive, learning, and active - based on companion search, cost reduction, skill acquisition, and time management. Using cross-tabs and one-way ANOVAs, this study identified variables that comprise these 3sub types and found that there are significant differences across subtypes by Korean language proficiency and marital relationship satisfaction. On the other hand, there were no differences in education, income, length of residency in Korea, primary language used in the home, and spouse’s native language proficiency. These results indicate that married immigrant women’s leisure does not remain in a constrained state, but rather it is developing into a phase of leisure constraints negotiation in an effort to overcome leisure constraints. When the Korean language limitation is overcome, these women can be active in negotiations of leisure constraints within a harmonious family environment. These results suggest that Korean language education and family-centered leisure activities may be useful for supporting migrant women to overcome constraints on their leisure behaviors.