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金一權(KIM Il-gwon),鄭誠嬉(토론자) 고구려발해학회 2004 고구려발해연구 Vol.18 No.-
In this paper, I discussed the historical meaning and identity of Koguryo in cosmological paintings of Koguryo mural tombs. The cosmological paintings of Koguryo are important to research the astronomical history of ancient Korea, and to study the astronomical history of ancient East Asia. Koguryo people painted more stars up to eight hundreds in many mural tombs. Up to the recent, total 103 mural tombs are known. Those mural tombs was constructed during three hundred years from 4th century to 7th century. Among the mural tombs, cosmological tombs having constellations are twenty four tombs. This volume is meaningful in comparing with ancinet Chinese mural tombs. The age of Koguryo mural paintings corresponds to Wei-Chin and Sui-Tang dynasty periods from 3th century to 9th century in China. During these periods, ancient Chinese have constructed about 90 mural tombs. Among them sixteen tombs only have constellation paintings. As this, the volume of Koguryo's astronomical data are more than that of ancient Chiese mural tombs. Koguryo's astronomical contents are more valuable than those of Chinese, too. Because Koguryo's data consist of observational contents of astronomy, on the contrary most of Chinese murals have decorational data. Above all, Koguryo developed new astronomical system not shown in China, that is so I named "Sa-suk-do", four diretional constellation system. They usually painted Big dipper at north wall and the Archer at south wall, the Scorpion at east wall, d1e Orion at west wall. Furthermore they painted the Polaris constellation containing three stars in the center ceiling of tombs. In this case I recognized this system as "O-suk-do", five directional constellation system. This feature is unique in Koguryo, too. We cannot see in Chinese murals. Koguryo also developed not only four gods of guardian system but also five gods of guardian system adding the Yellow dragon at the center ceiling of tombs. This five guardian system intends to set Koguryo the center of this cosmos, as a result Koguryo becomes the prime country in this world. As above, Koguryo cosmological mural data are important to understand our history of ancient Korea, and useful in studying astronomical histtroy of ancient East Asia.
金一權(KIM Ihll-gwon),李勇三(토론자) 고구려발해학회 2003 고구려발해연구 Vol.16 No.-
In this paper, I carried out researches into ancient astronomical traditions appeared on the East Asian tumulus paintings from Han dynasty to Yao dynasty. I, especially, made an effort to analyze the relationship between the Koguryo tumulus astronomy and its surrounding trend, for instance, including Koyro dynasty, ancient Japanese mural astronomy and ancient Chinese mural paintings of the former Han, the Shin, the latter Han, me Wei-Jin and Nan-Bel dynasty, Tang dynasty, Song dynasty, and Yao dynasty. In Koguryo tumuli, they constructed three dimensions of astronomical system: the first is the Sun and the Moon disk at the eastern and western wall, the second is the four spiritual animals (Sasin-do) of left Blue dragon (Cheng-ryong), right White tiger (Baek-ho), front Red bird (Joo-jack) and back Black turtle (Hyun-mu). 111e third system is the 'Four directional constellations" of northern Big dipper (Bookdoo-chilsung), southern Archer (Namdoo-yuksung, sagittarius), eastern Scorpion (Sim-Bang-yuksung) and western Orion (Sam-Beol-yuksung), which is a very unique system constructed only in Koguryo mural astronomy. Moreover, in d1e case of the four spiritual animals we can't find seldom all of them in ancient Chinese tumulus, on the contrary we usually meet two spiritual animals of left Blue dragon and right White tiger. These facts show us the different tradition between ancinet China and ancient Korea. As this, we can know that the astronomical system of Koguryo murals plays an important role in constructing of ancient East Asian anstronomy and tomb mural cosmology. In the case of Kitora tomb paintings as known as made in 7 or 8 century, it contains many stars about fifty constellations and more than 300 stars, including four circles of the equator, the ecliptic, the irmer circle and the outer circle. These features show that the Kitora star chan was drawn by very scientific method. Up to now this Kitora star chart is the oldest scientific star map. I identified newly the constellations in this paper. Then, there are the sun and moon disk and the four spiritual animals much similar to Koguryo s. In the type and features of constellation we can also find many similarities to Koguryo stars, Koryo's tumulus star charts and the Chosen star map, Chensang-yelcha-bunya-jido. In the recent, japnese scholars analyzed their Kitora star map was observed in latitude about 38~39˚North and its correspondent area was only Pyengyang (39.0˚North), the capital city of Koguryo. These facts show us the Kitora's astronomical tradition may be from Koguryo's, In addition, we can see the Yao's astronomy of tumulus paintings is also related to Koguryo's astronomical tradition. As above, I argued the Koguryo's astronomical tradition of mural paintings had an important role in the ancient East Asian astronomy.