生食用 바나나 育種方法과 硏究 現況

손상목(Sang Mok Sohn) 한국육종학회 1986 한국육종학회지 Vol.18 No.2

Banana breeding has been carried out since 1920’s, however, the results are not satisfactory. The difficulties in barana breeding are high sterility and several defects of wild banana which is used parant maferial in hybridization. “Gros Michel” and “Cavendish” are main cultivated edible banana varieties, but it have defects of weak disease resistance. Panama disease, Sigatoka disease and nematodes Radopholus are main pest disease in banana cultivation. The breeding target of edible banana is introduction of disease resitance, that is, synthesiss of disease resistant gene from diploid bananas and excellent crop characteristics from triploid bananas. Therefore, the result of edible banana breeding is influenced greatly by the quality of diploid grermplasm introduced. Many germplasm including wild type and diploid gene were collected in all the world, and contributed to practical banana breeding. Natural diploid germplasm PJB that is discovered by Honduran program and its modified diploid SH-3142 are very successful examples in germplasm collection.

채소 모재료의 종류, 수확시기별, 부위별 혼합비율, 저장조건 및 생산회사에 따른 녹즙의 NO₃^-함량 차이

孫尙穆 ( Sohn Sang-mok ),尹智詠 ( Yoon Ji-young ) 한국유기농업학회 1998 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.7 No.1

After the consumption of green vegetable juice by Korean increase rapidly, the NO₃^- intake through green vegetable juice have been ignored to consider for the calculation of daily NO₃^- intake. It is necessary to collect the basic data on the NO₃^- content in green vegetable juice by different sorts. harvesting time and mixing rate of vegetable, manufacturers and storage conditions for the next calculation of daily NO₃^- intake for Korean. Followings are the research results from monitoring and laboratory experiment related with NO₃^- and vitamine C in green vegetable juice. The NO₃^- content of angelica plant(tomorrow’s leaf) and kale were higher in spring than those in summer and autumn. The highest value of NO₃^- cont ent in tomorrow’s leaf and kale were 4.85 and 2.94 times higher compare to the lowest value. The average NO₃^- content in tomorrow’s leaf and kale are 1,731ppm and 5403ppm respectively. The NO₃^- content in the midribs of tomorrow’s leaf and kale were 7.5 and 2.1 times higher than those in leafblades. It indicate the green vegetable juice made from leadblade of tomorrow’ s 1eaf and kale might be better compare to those from midrib in terms of NO₃^- content. The content of NO₃^- and vitamine C as affected by the timecourse after juice making were decreased rapidly compare to those by storage temperature in case of carrot. kale and cucumber juice. IIt show the positive correlation between the content of NO₃^- and vitamine C in carrot, kale and cucumber juice regardless of room temperature(20˚C) or cold temperature(4˚C). The content of NO₃^- and vitamine C of green vegetable juice by P company were the highest among the manufacturers. The lower content of NO₃^- and vitamine C of green vegetable juice by TW company and GB company compare to P company is due to dilution with water to produce the juice. The content of NO₃^- of green vegetable juice which were available in market showed 143ppm in carrot juice. 506ppm in tomorrow’s leaf juice, 669ppm in wild water celery juice, 985ppm in kale juice, whereas the content of vitamine C were 43ppm in carrot juice, 289ppm in wild water celery juice, 353ppm in kale juice and 768ppm in tomorrow’s leaf juice. It was calculated that people take 253mg by tomorrow’s leaf juice,335mg by wild water celery juice, 483mg by kale juice if they drink 500ml of green vegetable juice per day, and it suggest to excess 1.16, 1.53 and 2.21 times respectively only by green vegetable juice consumption.

배추, 양배추, 양상추의 엽령별 NO₃^-함량 차이에 관한 연구

孫尙穆 ( Sohn Sang-mok ),朴養虎 ( Kim Yang-ho ) 한국유기농업학회 1998 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.7 No.1

Under the visual judgement of consumers, to reduce nitrate intake through vegetables, this experimentation analyzed the content of nitrate, in heading leaf vegetables such as chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. perkinensis (Lour.) Rupr), cabbage(Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) and lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.) by the leaf number. And the result is summarized as follows. In the nitrate content change by the leaf number, the nitrate content is increased as it goes by from inner leaf to outer leaf and the nitrate content in leaf midrib is higher than that in leaf blade. ln case of chinese cabbage, the nitrate content in the leaf midrib from the most inner leaf to the most outer leaf changed 40~3,177ppm and in the leaf blade it changed 40~2,887ppm. But the nitrate content in the leaf blade of cabbage from the most inner leaf to the most outer leaf changed 89~2,297ppm and in the leaf blade it changed 25~765ppm. In case of lettuce, the nitrate content change of the leaf midrib by the leaf position was 419~4,349ppm, and in the leaf blade it changed 260~2894ppm. It was concluded that the outer leaf of chinese cabbage, cabbage and lettuce should be removed to keep the lower nitrate intake by population before it is consumed.

수확후(收穫後) 저장(貯藏)과 조리조건(調理條件)에 따른 배추 가식부위내(可食部位內) NO₃^- 함량변화(含量變化)

孫尙穆 ( Sohn Sang-mok ),尹德勳 ( Yoon Deok-hoon ) 한국유기농업학회 1996 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.5 No.1

In order to minimize the daily intake amount of nitrate by Chinese cabbage, the favorate vegetable for Korean, the influences of storage conditions at different temperature and light or dark treatments after post-harvest and effects of cooking temperature and infrared rays on changes of nitrate contents in edible parts of Chinese cabbage were determined. The nitrate contents of midrib and leaf blade in Chinese cabbage during post-harvest were decreased steeply in 2 days and decreased slowly again in 5 days. The temperature treatment to decrease the nitrate contents in midrib and leaf blade of Chinese cabbage were effective as the following of 25℃ > 15°C > -4°C > -10°C. The nitrate contents of midrib and leaf blade were decreased in the timecourse of post-harvest. It is more effective to store in 4°C than in 15 °C, and is more effective in transparent vinyl package than in black vinyl package, but the treatment of light is more effective than the treatment of temperature. The nitrate contents of midrib decreased rapidly by 17.9% in the treatment of 5 days at 15°C. By treatment of 80°C, 90°C, 100°C water, the nitrate contents of midrib were increased slightly, but decreased in leaf blade. It reached 68.5%, 50.6%, 45.9% in the leaf blade respectively by treatment of 80°C, 90°C, 100°C water at 1 min. By infrared rays treatment, the nitrate contents of midrib did not change in 3 min but increased rapidly after 6 min, and in the leaf blade it increased continually after 1 min.

관행농법, 시설재배 및 유기농법 재배지 토양의 화학적 특성과 배추, 상추의 NO₃^-집적량 차이

손상목 ( Sohn Sang-mok ),한도희 ( Han Do-hee ),김영호 ( Kim Young-ho ) 한국유기농업학회 1996 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.5 No.1

In order to get some basic datas on environmental friendly funtion against soil and water pollution and safe vegetable production by organic farming, chemical characteristics of soils cultivated by the conventional farming, greenhouse cultivation and organic farming and acumulation of NO₃^- in Chinese cabbage and lettuce were analysed. The highest value of NO₃^- -N in 0-30cm subsoil of organic farming was found among the 3 different fanning systems, and it was 3.6 and 6.6 times higher than those of conventional farming in Chinese cabbage and lettuce respectively. P₂O₅ also show high accumulation in the rhizosphere of organic fanning compared to convnetional farming. The accumulation of NO₃^- -N and P₂O₅5 in the rhizosphere of organic farming were similar to those of greenhouse cultivation. The NO₃^- accumulation in Chinese cabbage and lettuce by organic farming reach 3224ppm in Chinese cabbage and 2543ppm in lettuce and it were 4.7 and 6.4 times higher than those of convnetional farming. It is urgently necessary to introduce the basic standard of IFOAM, EU and FAO/WHO Codex on organic agriculture into korean organic agriculture for operation of environmental friendly system and production of safe vegetable in terms of NO₃^-.

한국 환경농업의 성공적 정착을 위한 정책적 및 기술적 접근과제

손상목 ( Sang Mok Sohn ),정길생 ( Kil Saeng Chung ) 한국유기농업학회 1997 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.5 No.2

This study aims to point out the basic strategy of agrotechnical and -political approaches toward successful settling for the environmental agriculture system in Korea. Although environmental agriculture & forestry strategy toward the 21st century and it's action program were released in 1996, some scientist from environmental agriculture and organic agriculture still argue on the errors of it’s strategy and action program in terms of environmental sound function. Especially it’s strategy and action program of government did not focus the reduction of fertilizer and pesticide as the matters of weight and importance to realize an environmental sound agriculture system. And korean organic agriculture gets a point in dispute, because 1) they do not practice of Basic Standard of IFOAM and FAO/WHO Codex draft, and 2) organic farming is defined quite differently from internationally recognized core aspects of organic agriculture. Organic farming, in Korea, is taken to mean the replacement of chemical fertilizer by organic manure and avoidance of agricultural chemicals. In the paper it is discussed the necessity, purpose, effect and consequence of basic standard for korean organic agriculture. The reformation of the certification system and the direct payment system in environmental agriculture & forestry strategy toward the 21st century and it's action program by government, and on the need of the teaching program and curriculum in high education institution, the breeding program of resistant cultivars, the soil testing for optimum fertilization strategy, the nutrient management program, the declaration for 2020 environmental agriculture are also discussed.

한국유기농업(韓國有機農業) 운동(運動)의 발달(發達)과 당면과제(當面課題) 및 전망(展望)

손상목 ( Sang Mok Sohn ),정길생 ( Kil Saeng Chung ) 한국유기농업학회 1997 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.5 No.2

유기농산물은 질 좋은 농산물이며 그 생산농법이 환경친화적인 것으로 이해하고 있어 참여농가수도 증가일로에 있고 소비자들에 의한 유기농산물 구입 역시 점차 증가 주세에 있으나, 한국유기농업은 국제적 유기농업과 다르게 잘못 정의된 채 확산되고 있어, 그 핵심기술의 환경영향평가와 과학화에 대한 시대적 요청과 유기농업 기본규약 제정 필요성이 학계 일부에서 제기 되고 있는 등 한국유기농업은 최근 발전을 위한 진통을 겪고 있다. 이에 본 논문은 한국유기농업이 태동된 배경과 70년대 말로부터 80년대 초에 걸쳐 태생된 한국유기농업이 국민적 관심을 얻게된 배경과 정농회, 한국유기농업협회, 한국자연농업협회, 한살림 등의 유기농업단체와 한국유기농업학회, 환경보전형농업생산소비단체협의회, 흙살림연구소 등의 발전과정 및 활동을 소개하고 있다. 또한 서울에서 개최된 IFOAM Asia대회, 한국자연농업협회의 “자연농업 연구소”, 한국유기농업협회의 “건강과 자연농업” 등에 관해서 뿐만 아니라 우리 정부의 21세기를 향한 농림환경정책중 유기농업부문에 대한 각종 장기지원책, 즉 중소농대책의 일환의 유기-자연농업 지원책, 유기농산물에 대한 품질인증제 및 팔당상수원보호구역내 유기농업지원 등이 소개되고 있다. 한편 한국유기농업기술의 핵심내용이었던 유기질비료 과다시용 문제가 “유기농산물 채소의 고 질산염 함량”으로 촉발된 식품안전성 논쟁 후에 유기질비료의 추천시용량이 다 다익선적 개념에서 80t/ha으로 낮아졌다가 다시 50t/ha으로 낮아졌으며 1996년 6월부터는 20t/ha로 크게 낮추어 졌음을 보고하고 있다. 또한 일부 선도적 유기독농가의 경험적 기술이 토대가 되어 성립된 현 유기농업기술은 과학적 기술검증을 거쳐야 함과 퇴비시용 만으로 실시하는 현 유기농업기술에 의해 야기되는 근권내 질산 및 인산염 집적을 회피하기 위해서는 윤작, 녹비작물 및 두과작물의 재배로 토양비옥도 향상을 통한 유기농업기술 개발이 필요하며 IFOAM 기본규약과 FAO/WHO Codex의 핵심 내용을 수용하는 한국유기농업 기본규약 제정이 절실히 요구됨을 강조하고 있다. 마지막으로 한국유기농업 핵심기술에 대한 환경영향평가와 기본규약제정 필요성를 역설하고 한국유기농업의 과학화와 질 좋은 유기농산물 생산을 위해 노력하고 있는 소비자 문제를 연구하는 시민의 모임 등 몇몇 단체들의 최근 활동이 언급되고 유기농업에 대한 농과대학내 연구와 강의 등이 소개되었다.

일반(一般) 관행농법(慣行農法)과 유기농법(有機農法) 배추, 무우의 가식부위(可食部位)내 NO₃^- 집적량(集積量) 차이(差異)

孫尙穆 ( Sang Mok Sohn ),吳京錫 ( Kyeong Seok Oh ),文雨澤 ( Woo Taek Mun ) 한국유기농업학회 1994 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.3 No.1

In the edible parts of Chinese cabbage, the NO₃^- accumulation was higher in the outer leaves than in the inner leaves and it was higher in the leaf midrib than in the leaf blade. In Radish, it was higher in the aerial part of the root than in the underground part of root. NO₃^- accumulation in edible parts of Chinese cabbage of organic farming fertilized with compost 8t/10a was about 4 times higher than those of conventional farming with recommended mineral nitrogen; and was similar to those of conventional farming fertilized with twice the mineral nitrogen rate. But, NO₃^- accumulation in radish of organic farming with 8t/10a compost was lower than those of conventional farming with recommended mineral nitrogen. It showed NO₃^- content in the edible parts of vegetables should be considered one of several parameters to judge a real safety vegetable to be certified by government.

우리나라 유기농 채소내 질산염 함량의 경시적 추이

손상목 ( Sohn Sang-mok ),김영호 ( Kim Young-ho ),윤지영 ( Yoon Ji-young ) 한국유기농업학회 1999 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.7 No.2

After the release of facts that the high nitrate contents in vegetables by Korean organic farming, organic farmers were recommended by Korean Organic Farmer Association to apply 20t/ha compost while they applied before as much as they could, sometimes even more than l00t/ha. This study was aimed to check the safety of Korean organic product in terms of nitrate content. Current nitrate content in leaf and root vegetables by 3 different farming systems(organic farming, conventional farming, greenhouse farming) were monitored and furthermore it was compared with previously published another data in Korea to find out any changes among the monitored years(1993-1999). Current nitrate content in Chinese cabbage, lettuce and kale became less compare to those of the beginning of monitoring, and especially those cultivated organic farming got the lowest value while previous organic vegetables at beginning of 90's showed the higher value than those cultivated in greenhouse. This decrease in organic vegetables was affected by less application rate of organic fertilizer than before at 20t/ha. But the nitrate level by organic farming was still higher compare to those cultivated by conventional farming in open field, since currently monitored organic vegetables were cultivated basically in greenhouse condition. It shows the organic farmer the necessity of transfer their farming site and condition from greenhouse to open field in order to decrease of its high level of nitrate caused long-term application and slow release characteristics of organic fertilizer. It was concluded the adoption of soil nitrate test to recommend a organic farmer the exact application rate for need of crop growth. Additionally the mechanism of lower nitrate accumulation in rice and fruit vegetables were also discussed in the paper.

유기벼 재배 기본규약의 필요성, 내용 및 제정과정

손상목 ( Sang Mok Sohn ) 한국유기농업학회 2002 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.10 No.4

현행 유기식품생산에 관한 국제규격인 IFOAM Basic Standard와 Codex guidelines이 지나치게 유럽과 미주의 밭농사 위주에 적합하도록 규정되어져 있어, 논농사 위주의 아시아 유기농업에 얼마나 불공정한 국제규약인가를 지적하고 있으며, 가까운 장래에 이러한 불공정 유기농업 국제규격이 대폭 수정 개정되어야 함을 주장하고 있다. 또한 세계3대 식량 작물의 하나인 벼에 대한 유기식품생산규격이 없는 까닭에 소농규모 및 논농사 중심의 아시아 유기농업이 어떠한 어려움에 봉착하고 있는지를 보고하고 있으며, 향후 벼 재배의 중심지인 아시아 유기벼 생산기술과 현실을 반영하는 국제 유기벼 재배 기본규약이 제정되어야 하는 당위성을 설명하고 있다. 이를 위해 IFOAM기본규약을 개정하기 위한 절차와 그 방법과 Codex유기식품규격을 개정하기 위한 절차와 방법 들에 대해 논하고 있다. 또한 이러한 국제유기식품규격의 수정을 위한 국제공조 과정에서 ARNOA (아시아유기농업연구기구)와 각국 정부 및 유기농업 학자들이 과연 어떻게 역할을 분담하고 협력하여야 할 것인가에 대해서도 논의하고 있다.