Enhanced Antibiotic Production by Streptomyces sindenensis Using Artificial Neural Networks Coupled with Genetic Algorithm and Nelder-Mead Downhill Simplex

( Tripathi C. K. M. ),( Mahvish Khan ),( Vandana Praveen ),( Saif Khan ),( Akanksha Srivastava ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2012 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.22 No.7

Antibiotic production with Streptomyces sindenensis MTCC 8122 was optimized under submerged fermentation conditions by artificial neural network (ANN) coupled with genetic algorithm (GA) and Nelder-Mead downhill simplex (NMDS). Feed forward back-propagation ANN was trained to establish the mathematical relationship among the medium components and length of incubation period for achieving maximum antibiotic yield. The optimization strategy involved growing the culture with varying concentrations of various medium components for different incubation periods. Under non-optimized condition, antibiotic production was found to be 95 μg/ml, which nearly doubled (176 μg/ml) with the ANN-GA optimization. ANN-NMDS optimization was found to be more efficacious, and maximum antibiotic production (197 μg/ml) was obtained by cultivating the cells with (g/l) fructose 2.7602, MgSO4 1.2369, (NH4)2PO4 0.2742, DL-threonine 3.069%, and soyabean meal 1.952%, for 9.8531 days of incubation, which was roughly 12% higher than the yield obtained by ANN coupled with GA under the same conditions.

Theoretical Modeling and Experimental Verification of the Permeability Measurements of Thick Films at Microwave Frequencies

Dimri, M.C.,Tripathi, V.K.,Kashyap, S.C.,Jeong, Y.H.,Dube, D.C. IEEE 2009 IEEE transactions on instrumentation and measureme Vol.58 No.9

<P>A simple theoretical model is developed for studying the magnetic behavior of films at microwave frequencies, and verified experimentally on the ferrite-polymer thick-film samples. The measured values of permeability by the proposed model/technique are found to be in good agreement with the values obtained by the standard cavity perturbation technique.</P>

Ag/TiO₂/graphene stacking for plasmonic metamaterial-based transparent semiconducting thin films

Mathpal, M.C.,Kumar, P.,Balasubramaniyan, R.,Chung, J.S.,Tripathi, A.K.,Singh, M.K.,Ahmad, M.M.,Pandey, S.N.,Agarwal, A. North-Holland 2014 Materials letters Vol.128 No.-

The fabrication of a metamaterial structure with reduced resistivity is an attractive approach to enhance optoelectronic properties of semiconducting oxide-based thin films. In this work, a graphene/TiO<SUB>2</SUB>/Ag plasmonic metamaterial-based semiconducting thin film with a low resistivity (resistivity ~2.4x10<SUP>-2</SUP>Ω-cm) was prepared by a simple spray pyrolysis method. The localized surface plasmon resonance at the metal-dielectric interface of silver nanoparticles was observed at 404nm) was prepartransmittance of more than 70% above wavelength of 500nm. The TiO<SUB>2</SUB> film works as an active adsorptive centre for the deposition of chemically converted graphene layers. The stacking of graphene and TiO<SUB>2</SUB> does not affect the band gap of TiO<SUB>2</SUB> but it affects the conductivity of the film.

Optimization of Solid State Fermentation of Mustard (Brassica campestris) Straw for Production of Animal Feed by White Rot Fungi (Ganoderma lucidum)

Misra, A.K.,Mishra, A.S.,Tripathi, M.K.,Prasad, R.,Vaithiyanathan, S.,Jakhmola, R.C. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2007 Animal Bioscience Vol.20 No.2

The objective of the experiment was to determine the optimum cultural [moisture levels (55, 60 and 70%), days of fermentation (7, 14 and 21), temperature (25 and $35^{\circ}C$) of incubation)] and nutritional parameters (urea addition (0 and 2%) and variable levels of single super phosphate (0.25 and 0.50% SSP)) for bio-processing of the mustard (Brassica campestris) straw (MS) under solid-state fermentation (SSF) system. The performance of SSF was assessed in terms of favorable changes in cell wall constituents, protein content and in vitro DM digestibility of the MS. Sorghum based inoculum (seed culture) of Ganoderma lucidum to treat the MS was prepared. The 50 g DM of MS taken in autoclavable polypropylene bags was mixed with a pre-calculated amount of water and the particular nutrient in the straw to attained the desired levels of water and nutrient concentration in the substrate. A significant progressive increase in biodegradation of DM (p<0.001), NDF (p<0.01) and ADF (p<0.05) was observed with increasing levels of moisture. Among the cell wall constituents the loss of ADF fraction was greatest compared to that of NDF. The loss of DM increased progressively as the fermentation proceeded and maximum DM losses occurred at 28 days after incubation. The protein content of the treated MS samples increased linearly up to the day $21^{th}$ of the incubation and thereafter declined at day $28^{th}$, whereas the improvement in in vitro DM digestibility were apparent only up to the day $14^{th}$ of the incubation under SSF and there after it declined. The acid detergent lignin (ADL) degradation was slower during the first 7 days of SSF and thereafter increased progressively and maximum ADL losses were observed at the day $28^{th}$ of the SSF. The biodegradation of DM and ADL was not affected by the variation in incubation temperature. Addition of urea was found to have inhibitory effect on fungal growth. The effect of both the levels (0.25 and 0.50) of SSP addition in the substrate, on DM, NDF, ADF, cellulose and ADL biodegradation was similar. Similarly, the protein content and the in vitro DM digestibility remain unaffected affected due to variable levels of the SSP inclusion in the substrate. From the results it may be concluded that the incubation of MS with 60 percent moisture for 21 days at $35^{\circ}C$ with 0.25 percent SSP was most suitable for MS treatment with Ganoderma lucidum. Maximum delignification, enrichment in the protein content and improvement in in vitro DM digestibility were achieved by adopting this protocol of bioprocessing of MS.

High Energy Swift Heavy Ion Irradiation and Annealing Effects on DC Electrical Characteristics of 200 GHz SiGe HBTs

Vinayakprasanna N. Hegde,K.C. Praveen,T.M. Pradeep,N. Pushpa,John D. Cressler,Ambuj Tripathi,K. Asokan,A.P. Gnana Prakash 한국원자력학회 2019 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.51 No.5

The total ionizing dose (TID) and non ionizing energy loss (NIEL) effects of 100 MeV phosphorous (P7þ)and 80 MeV nitrogen (N6þ) ions on 200 GHz silicon-germanium heterojunction bipolar transistors (SiGeHBTs) were examined in the total dose range from 1 to 100 Mrad(Si). The in-situ IeV characteristics likeGummel characteristics, excess base current (DIB), net oxide trapped charge (NOX), current gain (hFE),avalanche multiplication (M 1), neutral base recombination (NBR) and output characteristics (IC-VCE)were analysed before and after irradiation. The significant degradation in device parameters wasobserved after 100 MeV P7þ and 80 MeV N6þ ion irradiation. The 100 MeV P7þ ions create more damagein the SiGe HBT structure and in turn degrade the electrical characteristics of SiGe HBTs more whencompared to 80 MeV N6þ. The SiGe HBTs irradiated up to 100 Mrad of total dose were annealed from50 C to 400 C in different steps for 30 min duration in order to study the recovery of electrical characteristics. The recovery factors (RFs) are employed to analyse the contribution of room temperature andisochronal annealing in total recovery.

Trends in Taxonomic and Functional Composition of Soil Microbiome Along a Precipitation Gradient in Israel

Tripathi, B. M.,Moroenyane, I.,Sherman, C.,Lee, Y. K.,Adams, J. M.,Steinberger, Y. Springer Science + Business Media 2017 Microbial ecology Vol.74 No.1

<P>The soil microbiome is important for the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. However, the impacts of climate on taxonomic and functional diversity of soil microbiome are not well understood. A precipitation gradient along regional scale transects may offer a model setting for understanding the effect of climate on the composition and function of the soil microbiome. Here, we compared taxonomic and functional attributes of soil microorganisms in arid, semiarid, Mediterranean, and humid Mediterranean climatic conditions of Israel using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. We hypothesized that there would be a distinct taxonomic and functional soil community for each precipitation zone, with arid environments having lower taxonomic and functional diversity, greater relative abundance of stress response and sporulation-related genes, and lower relative abundance of genes related to nutrient cycling and degradation of complex organic compounds. As hypothesized, our results showed a distinct taxonomic and functional community in each precipitation zone, revealing differences in soil taxonomic and functional selection in the different climates. Although the taxonomic diversity remained similar across all sites, the functional diversity was-as hypothesized-lower in the arid environments, suggesting that functionality is more constrained in 'extreme' environments. Also, with increasing aridity, we found a significant increase in genes related to dormancy/sporulation and a decrease in those related to nutrient cycling (genes related to nitrogen, potassium, and sulfur metabolism), respectively. However, relative abundance of genes related to stress response were lower in arid soils. Overall, these results indicate that climatic conditions play an important role in shaping taxonomic and functional attributes of soil microbiome. These findings have important implications for understanding the impacts of climate change (e.g., precipitation change) on structure and function of the soil microbiome.</P>

Surface and interface studies of RF sputtered HfO2 thin films with working pressure and gas flow ratio

Das, K. C.,Ghosh, S. P.,Tripathy, N.,Bose, G.,Ashok, A.,Pal, P.,Kim, D. H.,Lee, T. I.,Myoung, J. M.,Kar, J. P. Springer Science + Business Media 2015 Journal of materials science Materials in electron Vol.26 No.8

Evolution of microstructural and electrical properties of sputtered HfO2 ceramic thin films with RF power and substrate temperature

Das, K.C.,Ghosh, S.P.,Tripathy, N.,Kim, D.H.,Lee, T.I.,Myoung, J.M.,Kar, J.P. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam. 2016 Ceramics international Vol.42 No.-

Effect of Feeding Chemically Treated Mustard (Brassica campestris) Straw on Rumen Fibre Degrading Enzymes in Sheep

Vaithiyanathan, S.,Raghuvanshi, S.K.S.,Mishra, A.S.,Tripathi, M.K.,Misra, A.K.,Prasad, R.,Jakhmola, R.C. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2003 Animal Bioscience Vol.16 No.11

The aim of the experiment was to study the changes in the activities of various rumen fibre degrading enzymes due to the feeding of chemically treated mustard (Brassica campestris) straw in sheep. Mustard straw (MS) (<5 cm particle size) was treated either with urea (4% (w/w), or with 2% sodium hydroxide (NaOH), or with alkaline hydrogen peroxide (2% NaOH and 1.5% hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$)) and/or supplemented with 2% (w/w) urea. Seven maintenance type rations were prepared using MS (70 parts) with molasses (5 parts) and concentrate (25 parts). They were untreated MS (CMS), urea treated MS (UMS), urea supplemented MS (MSUS), alkali treated MS (AMS), alkali treated and urea supplemented MS (AMS-US), alkali $H_2O_2$ treated MS (AHMS) and alkali $H_2O_2$ treated and urea supplemented MS (AHMS-US). They were then compressed into a complete feed block with the help of block making machine. Forty two male hoggets of Malpura breed sheep were equally distributed into each treatment group and (were) offered feed and water ad libitum. At the end of 21 days of feeding trial, rumen liquor was collected through stomach tube from three animals in each group at 0 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h of post feeding. Results showed that the level of enzyme varied from 8.52 to 11.12, 40.85 to 50.37, 3.22 to 3.78, 2.09 to 2.77 and 31.44 to 44.24 units/100 ml SRL respectively for carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase), $\alpha$-amylase, microcrystalline cellulase (MCCase), filter paper (FP) degrading enzyme and $\alpha$-glucosidase. Processing of MS affected the enzyme activities, in a way, that NaOH and AHP treatment significantly reduced CMCase and FP degrading enzyme. The effect of urea treatment showed an increase in the activity of MCCase and $\alpha$-glucosidase. But the supplementation of urea increased the activity of CMCase, FP degrading enzyme and $\alpha$-glucosidase. The CMCase, $\alpha$-amylase, $\alpha$-glucosidase activities were highest at 4hr whereas MCCase and FP degrading enzyme had maximum activities at 12 h post feeding Results suggested that MS might need longer time in the rumen for its effective degradation.

Growth Performance and Caecal Fermentation in Growing Rabbits Fed on Diets Containing Graded Levels of Mulberry (Morus alba) Leaves

Prasad, Rajendra,Misra, A.K.,Sankhyan, S.K.,Mishra, A.S.,Tripathi, M.K.,Karim, S.A.,Jakhmola, R.C. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2003 Animal Bioscience Vol.16 No.9

Growth performance, nutrient digestibility and changes in caecal fermentation pattern was studied on four groups of 8 grower rabbits (soviet chinchilla) each, fed on diets containing 17 to 18% CP and $10.4-11.00MJ\;DE\;kg^{-1}$ feed. The complete diets contained mulberry leaves along with other feed ingredients at 0 (LH), 15 (ML15), 30 (ML30) and 45% (ML45) levels. In LH diet ground lucerne hay was added at 15% of the diet as roughage source. The diets were uniform in other nutritional parameters except the higher amount of hemicellulose (18.7 and 16.5%) in LH and ML15 diets. The performance of grower rabbits was better (p<0.05) on LH and ML15 diets in terms of twelve weeks weight (kg), total gain (g), average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (%). Different levels of mulberry leaves in the diet did not influence the dry matter intake. Digestibility of nutrients for DM, OM, CP, NDF and energy was uniform in all the diets but the digestibility of CF, ADF and cellulose was higher (p<0.01) on ML15, ML30 and ML 45 diets. The hemicellulose digestibility was significantly higher (p<0.01) on LH (44.52%) and ML15 (48.00%) compared to ML30 (33.54%) and ML 45 (39.17%) diets. The nitrogen retention (% of intake) was higher (p<0.05) in LH and ML15 diets than ML30 and ML45 diets. The caecum weight as percent of intestine weight consistently increased (p<0.05) with increasing content of mulberry leaves in diets. Total nitrogen and $NH_3$-N was higher on LH and ML15 diets. It is concluded that incorporation of mulberry leaves can replace Lucerne hay in complete rabbit feed (15% in diet). Even at higher level i.e. 30 and 45% of the diet mulberry leaves based complete feed gave promising results.