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BAO, HongHui,YOU, SangGuan Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and A 2011 Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry Vol.75 No.5
<P>Water-soluble extracts isolated from <I>Hypsizigus marmoreus</I> and fractionated by ion-exchange chromatography were investigated to determine their molecular characteristics and biological activities. The crude and fractionated water-soluble extracts (F<SUB>1</SUB>, F<SUB>2</SUB> and F<SUB>3</SUB>) consisted mostly of carbohydrates (55.8–98.9%) with varied protein contents (1.1–23.0%). Their monosaccharide levels were significantly different, including the glucose content (67.0–100%) and galactose content (0–33.0%). The backbone of each fraction was mainly glucose molecules connected with 1,4-glycosidic linkages which contained considerable amounts of glucose and/or galactose connected through 1,6-glycosidic linkages. The average molecular weight (M<SUB>w</SUB>) of the extracts varied considerably, ranging from 1,665×10<SUP>4</SUP> to 19×10<SUP>4</SUP> g/mol. Little cytotoxicity was apparent in cancer cell lines from the addition of these extracts; however, they significantly stimulated Raw 264.7 cells to release nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E<SUB>2</SUB> (PGE<SUB>2</SUB>), suggesting their potential immunomodulating activities.</P>
Bahramzadeh, Saman,Tabarsa, Mehdi,You, SangGuan,Li, Changsheng,Bita, Seraj Elsevier 2019 Carbohydrate Polymers Vol.205 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Sulfated polysaccharides were isolated and purified from the water extract of <I>Cystoseira indica</I> using DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow column to evaluate their structure and macrophage stimulating capacity. Crude and fractionated polysaccharides, CIF<SUB>1</SUB> and CIF<SUB>2</SUB>, were mostly composed of neutral sugars (73.1%–78.6%) with relatively lower amounts of acidic sugars (1.3%–9.0%) and sulfate esters (6.9%–9.7%). The polymer chains of polysaccharides were mainly built of different levels of glucose (2.1%–30.8%), fucose (17.2%–24.4%), mannose (17.8%–20.6%) and galactose (16.7%–17.3%). The weight average molecular weight (<I>M</I> <SUB>w</SUB>) of polysaccharides varied between 573.1 × 10<SUP>3</SUP> g/mol to 1146.6 × 10<SUP>3</SUP> g/mol. The CIF<SUB>2</SUB> polysaccharide, as the most immunostimulating polysaccharide, remarkably induced the release of nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 from RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells through NF-κB and PAMKs transduction signaling pathways via cell surface TLR4. The interconnections of sugars in CIF<SUB>2</SUB> polysaccharide were complex with (1→3)-fucopyranose, (1→2,3,4)-glucopyranose, (→1)-galactopyranose, (→1)-xylopyranose, (1→2)-rhamnopyranose and (1→2,3)-mannopyranose units being the most predominant residues.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Sulfated polysaccharides were isolated from <I>Cystoseira indica.</I> </LI> <LI> Polysaccharides exerted high RAW264.7 macrophage stimulating activity. </LI> <LI> RAW264.7 cells were activated through NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. </LI> <LI> TLR4 was the major cell surface receptor interacting polysaccharides with RAW264.7 cells. </LI> <LI> The main backbone of the polysaccharides was consisted of (1→3)-fucopyranosyl units. </LI> </UL> </P>