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Anatomic Characteristics of Pronator Quadratus Muscle: A Cadaver Study
Phil Woo Choung,Min Young Kim,Hyung Soon Im,Ki Hoon Kim,Im Joo Rhyu,Byung Kyu Park,Dong Hwee Kim 대한재활의학회 2016 Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine Vol.40 No.3
Objective To identify the anatomic characteristics of the pronator quadratus (PQ) muscle and the entry zone (EZ) of the anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) to this muscle by means of cadaver dissection.Methods We examined the PQ muscle and AIN in 20 forearms from 10 fresh cadavers. After identifying the PQ muscle and the EZ of the AIN, we measured the distances from the midpoint (MidP) of the PQ muscle and EZ to the vertical line passing the tip of the ulnar styloid process (MidP_X and EZ_X, respectively) and to the medial border of the ulna (MidP_Y and EZ_Y, respectively). Forearm length (FL) and wrist width (WW) were also measured, and the ratios of MidP and EZ to FL and of MidP and EZ to WW were calculated.Results The MidP was found to be 3.0 cm proximal to the ulnar styloid process or distal 13% of the FL and 2.0 cm lateral to the medial border of the ulna or ulnar 40% side of the WW, which was similar to the location of EZ. The results reveal a more distal site than was reported in previous studies.Conclusion We suggest that the proper site for needle insertion and motor point block of the PQ muscle is 3 cm proximal to the ulnar styloid process or distal 13% of the FL and 2 cm lateral to the medial border of the ulna or ulnar 40% side of the WW.
( Eun Jeong Jang ),( Young Eun Lee ),( Phil Hoon Choung ),( Chang Kook You ),( Su Kyung Kim ),( Young Sook Son ),( So Young Chun ),( Hong In Shin ),( Shin Yoon Kim ),( Eui Kyun Park ) 한국조직공학·재생의학회 2008 조직공학과 재생의학 Vol.5 No.4
Calcium metaphosphate(CMP) is proposed as a bone substitute. We previously have shown that CMP has favorable biocompatibility and ability to stimulate osteoblastic differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells(hBMSCs). In the present study, we investigate the effects of K or Na ion incorporated CMP block`s biodegradability, cytotoxicity, adhesion, osteogenicity and suitable pore size. A Pure CMP block and CMP blocks containing either 5 mol%(Na2O5-CMP) or 5 mol% K2O(K5-CMP) with pore sizes of 300 or 600 μm were prepared. Porous K5- CMP blocks incubated in a simulated body fluid(SBF) for 1, 7, and 21 days showed significant weight reduction compared to the pure and Na5-CMP blocks. The ion-incorporated CMP blocks did not show cytotoxic response to hBMSCs. Osteoblastic differentiation of hBMSCs in vitro measured by RT-PCR, alkaline phosphatase(ALP) and von Kossa staining revealed that there were no differences among them. However, porous CMP blocks with 300 μm pores retained more von Kossa-positive colonies, compared to those with 600 μm. According to these results, biodegradability of CMP could be controlled by addition of K2O retaining biocompatibility, and the CMP blocks with 300 μm size pores can retain cell adhesion effectively and support osteoblastic differentiation in vitro.
Lee, Sun-Young,Lim, Jiwon,Khang, Gilson,Son, Youngsook,Choung, Phil-Hoon,Kang, Shin-Sung,Chun, So Young,Shin, Hong-In,Kim, Shin-Yoon,Park, Eui Kyun Mary Ann Liebert 2009 Tissue engineering. Part A Vol.15 No.9
<P>In the present study, we investigated the ex vivo expansion of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ATSCs) to identify factors that promoted efficient expansion while preserving stem cell potential. We examined several growth factors and steroids, and found that the combination of a low concentration of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) (1 ng/mL) and dexamethasone (DEX) or betamethasone (BET) enhanced the proliferation of ATSCs by approximately 30-60% as compared to control. Enhanced proliferation under these conditions was confirmed using ATSCs isolated from three independent donors. ATSCs that were expanded in the presence of FGF-2 and DEX for 5 days were capable of differentiating into either osteoblastic or adipogenic cells, and the cells were positive for the mesenchymal stem cell markers such as CD29, CD44, CD90, CD105, and CD146, suggesting that the stem cell potential of the ATSCs was preserved. Analysis of signaling pathway revealed that tyrosine phosphorylation of Src kinase was dramatically increased in response to FGF-2 and DEX, suggesting the involvement of Src-dependent pathways in the stimulatory mechanism of proliferation of ATSCs by FGF-2 and DEX. Moreover, Src family kinase inhibitors (SU6656 and Src kinase inhibitor I) substantially reduced the FGF-2 and DEX-induced proliferation of ATSCs. SU6656 also inhibited the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of ATSCs. The results of the current study demonstrate that FGF-2 in combination with DEX stimulates the proliferation and osteoblastic and adipogenic differentiation of ATSCs through a Src-dependent mechanism, and that FGF-2 and DEX promote the efficient ex vivo expansion of ATSCs.</P>
열처리한 자가혈청이 성인 골수간엽줄기세포의 증식과 조골세포 분화에 미치는 영향
박의균 ( Eui Kyun Park ),이선영 ( Sun Young Lee ),김태호 ( Tae Ho Kim ),정필훈 ( Phil Hoon Choung ),강길선 ( Gil Son Khang ),손영숙 ( Young Sook Son ),김석영 ( Suk Young Kim ),김신윤 ( Shin Yoon Kim ) 한국조직공학과 재생의학회 2005 조직공학과 재생의학 Vol.2 No.1
Tissue engineering using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is a promising technology for treatment or regeneration of tissue defects. However, to put this technology into practical use, it is necessary to determine suitable biomaterials as well as to expand MSCs ex vivo. One major challenge of ex vivo expansion of MSCs is to avoid the use of fetal bovine serum (FBS), which is a fundamental culture supplement. In this study, we investigated effects of autologous serum on proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) isolated from patients with skeletal diseases. We isolated BMSCs from 7 independent patients with avasular necrosis (AVN; 3 cases), osteoarthritis (OA; 2 cases), femoral head fracture (1 case) or hip dysplasia (1 case) and compared the effects of FBS, heat inactivated (HAS) and normal autologous serum (HA) on the proliferation of BMSCs. Proliferation analyses of BMSCs revealed that 5 out of 7 BMSCs cultured in 10 % HAS showed higher proliferation than cells cultured in 10 % FBS. Moreover, analysis of osteoblastic differentiation as assessed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, a marker for osteoblastic differentiation, showed that HAS, AS and FBS were capable of supporting osteoblastic differentiation of BMSCs at the similar level. Interestingly, mineralization was increased in BMSCs cultured in HAS (5 out of 6 BMSCs). These results demonstrate that HAS compared with conventional FBS has a better potential to stimulate proliferation and mineralization of BMSCs as well as to support their osteoblastic differentiation.
자가혈청하에서 FGF-2와 덱사메타손에 의한 골수중간엽줄기세포의 증식과 분화에 대한 효과
손민정 ( Min Jung Shon ),이선영 ( Sun Young Lee ),김태호 ( Tae Ho Kim ),유창국 ( Chang Kook You ),김석영 ( Suk Young Kim ),정필훈 ( Phil Hoon Choung ),손영숙 ( Young Sook Son ),박의균 ( Eui Kyun Park ),김신윤 ( Shin Yoon Kim ) 한국조직공학과 재생의학회 2005 조직공학과 재생의학 Vol.2 No.4
Previously we have shown that heat-inactivated autologous serum (HAS) has a potential to stimulate proliferation and ostoblastic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). In the present study we investigated whether stimulatory effects of HAS on proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation of BMSCs are further potentiated by fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and dexamethasone (Dex). As expected, FGF-2 and Dex stimulated proliferation of BMSCs up to 17% at 5 days and 26% at 7 days of culture compared to HAS control. These results suggest that FGF-2 and Dex in the presence of HAS further stimulate proliferation of BMSCs. In order to examine whether BMSCs expanded with FGF-2, Dex and HAS harbor multipotency, the expanded cells were stimulated with either osteogenic or adipogenic cocktails. BMSCs expanded with FGF-2, Dex and HAS for 7 days were able to be differentiated into either osteoblasts or adipocytes. Taken together, these results demonstrate that FGF-2 and Dex in combination with HAS further stimulates proliferation of BMSCs and these expanded cells maintain potentials to be differentiated into either osteoblasts or adipocytes.