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Economic Integration and Nationhood : An Extension
Gray, H. Peter 세종대학교 국제경제연구소 1993 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.8 No.1
As national economies become more closely linked through the gradual evolution of informal interpenetration of markets (as well as through formal agreements), the ability of a nation to preserve its national identity or nationhood is reduced. This tendency applies to such vital areas of national identity as the target values for unemployment rates, sectoral net tax burdens, the level of social services provided and environmental concerns.
Free Trade, Economic Integration and Nationhood
Gray, H. Peter 세종대학교 국제경제연구소 1990 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.5 No.1
The ability to achieve "national economic targets", including such considerations as the amount of redistribution of product by means of the central government actions, the establishment of national time preference in terms of resource exploitation and other collective decisions, is defined as "nationhood". The effect of increasing degrees of international economic involvement are considered in terms of their costs of "nationhood" renounced : these costs need to be set against the gains from more efficient resource allocation in determining the desired degree of international economic involvement or integration.
Articles : Free Trade, Economic Integration and Nationhood
( H. Peter Gray ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 1990 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.5 No.1
The ability to achieve "national economic targets", including such considerations as the amount of redistribution of product by means of the central government actions, the establishment of national time preference in terms of resource exploitation and other collective decisions, is defined as "nationhood", The effect of increasing degrees of international economic involvement are considered in terms of their costs of "nationhood" renounced: these costs need to be set against the gains from more efficient resource allocation in determining the desired degree of international economic involvement or integration.
Articles : Economic Integration and Nationhood: An Extension
( H. Peter Gray ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 1993 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.8 No.1
As national economies become more closely linked through the gradual evolution of informal interpenetration of markets (as well as through formal agreements), the ability of a nation to preserve its national identity or nationhood is reduced. This tendency applies to such vital areas of national identity as the target values for unemployment rates, sectoral net tax burdens, the level of social services provided and environmental concerns.
IBD2020 global forum: results of an international patient survey on quality of care
( Peter Irving ),( Johan Burisch ),( Richard Driscoll ),( Mats Olsson ),( John R Fullarton ),( Barry S Rodgers-gray ),( Simon Pl Travis ) 대한장연구학회 2018 Intestinal Research Vol.16 No.4
Background/Aims: IBD2020 is a global forum for standards of care in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of the IBD2020 survey was to identify and describe variations in quality care of IBD. Methods: Patients with IBD from Finland, Italy, France, Canada, Germany, UK, Spain and Sweden were surveyed during 2013 to 2014, covering: disease characteristics; impact on life and work; organization and perceived quality of care. Results: Seven thousand five hundred and seven patients participated (median age, 39 years [range, 10-103 years]; 2,354 male [31.4%]), including 4,097 (54.6%) with Crohn’s disease (CD) and 3,410 (45.4%) with ulcerative colitis (UC). Median time from symptom onset to diagnosis was 1 year for both CD (range, 0-47 years) and UC (range, 0-46 years), with no clear evidence of improvement in diagnostic delay over the preceding 24 years. Half of the patients (3,429; 50.0%) rated their care as “excellent” or “very good,” with similar results for CD and UC across countries. Five factors were significantly (P<0.01) associated with perceived good quality of care: quality of specialist communication; review consultation being long enough; failure to share information; no access to a dietician; speed of advice. Conclusions: The IBD2020 survey has highlighted areas related to quality of care of IBD from the patients’ perspective, with scope for improvement. (Intest Res 2018;16:537-545)
Philippe A. Gray,Noah J. B. Hosein,Xi Lan,Peter W. Lehn 전력전자학회 2023 ICPE(ISPE)논문집 Vol.2023 No.-
To effectively integrate distributed energy resources and non-traditional loads into the grid, medium-voltage direct current (MVDC) systems have gained attention in recent years. A key enabling technology for MVDC distribution is high step ratio dc-dc converters with bidirectional capability, performing a role similar to ac distribution transformers. The current shaping modular multilevel converter (CS-MMC) has been proposed for this type of application because of its ability to operate at high-effective frequencies by eliminating internal string inductors, thereby minimizing module capacitance, size, and cost. Until now, published CS-MMC work has focused on unidirectional, voltage-fed operation. To enable bidirectional operation, a novel current-fed operational approach is proposed in this paper that is fundamentally different from earlier works. The circuit topology, operating principles, and experimental results are presented. A peak measured efficiency of 95.8% is achieved when transferring 2.2 kW from 100V to 1kV for a 6 module, 2.7 kW, 1kV/100V prototype.