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Muhammad Bilal,Shoaib FREED,Saleh MUHAMMAD,Muhammad Zubair ASHRAF,Muhammad Bismillah KHAN 한국곤충학회 2018 Entomological Research Vol.48 No.4
Helicoverpa armigera, a polyphagous insect of crops and vegetables, is acquiring resistance against many commercial insecticides. The present study shows variations in the activity of two detoxification enzymes, namely esterase and glutathione S‐transferase (GST), in H. armigera after exposure to different isolates of entomopathogenic fungi. After treatment of larvae with the different isolates (Day 0), samples were collected on three days (Days 3, 5 and 7) for enzyme analysis. High GST activity was found in samples of hemolymph, intestine and fat bodies of H. armigera following treatment with Beauveria bassiana (isolate Bb‐08), Metarhizium anisopliae (isolates Ma‐11.1 and Ma‐4.1), and Isaria fumosorosea (isolates If‐02 and If‐2.3). High esterase activity was recorded in samples of the intestine and fat bodies on various days after treatment, whereas increased esterase activity in hemolymph was noted only in samples from Day 5 after treatment with M. anisopliae (Ma‐4.1). The detection of high GST and esterase activity demonstrates the possibility of the development of resistance against these microbial control agents in H. armigera.
Energy Efficiency Enhancement of TICK -based Fuzzy Logic for Selecting Forwarding Nodes in WSNs
( Muhammad Ashraf ),( Cho Tae Ho ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2018 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.12 No.9
Communication cost is the most important factor in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), as exchanging control keying messages consumes a large amount of energy from the constituent sensor nodes. Time-based Dynamic Keying and En-Route Filtering (TICK) can reduce the communication costs by utilizing local time values of the en-route nodes to generate one-time dynamic keys that are used to encrypt reports in a manner that further avoids the regular keying or re-keying of messages. Although TICK is more energy efficient, it employs no re-encryption operation strategy that cannot determine whether a healthy report might be considered as malicious if the clock drift between the source node and the forwarding node is too large. Secure SOurce-BAsed Loose Synchronization (SOBAS) employs a selective encryption en-route in which fixed nodes are selected to re-encrypt the data. Therefore, the selection of encryption nodes is non-adaptive, and the dynamic network conditions (i.e., The residual energy of en-route nodes, hop count, and false positive rate) are also not focused in SOBAS. We propose an energy efficient selection of re-encryption nodes based on fuzzy logic. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method achieves better energy conservation at the en-route nodes along the path when compared to TICK and SOBAS.
A Novel Green Stabilization of TiO2 Nanoparticles onto Cotton
Muhammad Tayyab Noman,Muhammad Azeem Ashraf,Hafsa Jamshaid,Azam Ali 한국섬유공학회 2018 Fibers and polymers Vol.19 No.11
Facile embedding of TiO2 nanoparticles onto cotton fabric has been successfully attained by ultraviolet light irradiations. The adhesion of nanoparticles with fibre surface, tensile behaviour and physicochemical changes before and after ultraviolet treatment were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray and inductive couple plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy. Experimental variables i.e. dosage of TiO2 nanoparticles, temperature of the system and time of ultraviolet irradiations were optimised by central composite design and response surface methodology. Moreover, two different mathematical models were developed for incorporated TiO2 onto cotton and tensile strength of cotton after ultraviolet treatment and used further to testify the obtained results. Self-clean fabric through a synergistic combination of cotton with highly photo active TiO2 nanoparticles was produced. Stability against ultraviolet irradiations and self-cleaning properties of the produced fabric were evaluated.
Development of Maghemite Glass Fibre Nanocomposite for Adsorptive Removal of Methylene Blue
Muhammad Azeem Ashraf,Jakub Wiener,Assad Farooq,Jana Saskova,Muhammad Tayyab Noman 한국섬유공학회 2018 Fibers and polymers Vol.19 No.8
Maghemite glass fibre nanocomposite with excellent magnetic and adsorption properties was successfully developed from nontoxic and eco-friendly reagents by thermal decomposition approach. The developed nanocomposite was utilized in adsorption of methylene blue which follows Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The excellent value of adsorption capacity (51.31 mg g-1) as compared to other adsorbents recommends its potential role for adsorption phenomenon in multiple applications. The developed nanocomposite can be recycled and reused easily. Surface and other functional characteristics of developed nanocomposite were determined through scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, raman spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer. The obtained results revealed that maghemite glass nanocomposite is a potential tool that can be utilized in waste water treatments.
Chattering and Stability Analysis of the Sliding Mode Control Using Inverse Hyperbolic Function
Muhammad Asad,Muhammad Ashraf,Sohail Iqbal,Aamer Iqbal Bhatti 제어·로봇·시스템학회 2017 International Journal of Control, Automation, and Vol.15 No.6
Chattering is a known issue in sliding mode control (SMC) and much research has been carried out tomitigate the chattering and its effects. In this work the chattering and stability analysis of the inverse hyperbolicfunction (IHF) based reaching law (RL) has been carried out. The work mathematically formulates the reachingtime and calculates the describing function (DF) for the IHF based RL, which is used to formulate the conditions forchattering avoidance. The bound for the gain of RL has been calculated that will result in the chattering avoidance. Finally the proposed scheme has been used to control the speed of DC motor. Experimental results show avoidanceof chattering and reduction in the reaching time.
A Robust PLL Technique using a Digital Lock-In Amplifier under the Non-Sinusoidal Grid Conditions
Muhammad Noman Ashraf,Reyya n Ahmed Khan,Woojin Choi 전력전자학회 2019 ICPE(ISPE)논문집 Vol.2019 No.5
Due to the recent increasing use of nonlinear loads and Grid Connected Inverters (GCIs), the harmonics are also increasing in the grid. The detrimental effects of the harmonics in the grid include the heating in the equipment and conductors, the misfiring in variable speed drives, the torque pulsations in motors and the asynchronization of the GCIs. Therefore, the standard such as IEEE 519 and P1547 forces the GCIs to meet a certain level of output quality in terms of harmonics, phase and frequency variation. In order to inject the pure active power to the grid, the synchronization between the grid and a GCI by a highperformance Phase Locked Loops (PLLs) is essential. Several kinds of PLL methods to synchronize the GCI under the distorted grid condition have been proposed. However, their performances are significantly degraded under the distorted grid condition, especially with a DC off-set and harmonics. In this paper a novel Digital Lock-in Amplifier (DLA) based PLL is proposed to improve the performance of the PLL under the highly distorted grid condition including the power quality events. Since the proposed DLA-PLL is composed of a robust Phase Sensitive detector (PSD), it is immune to any frequency component except the fundamental and the DC off-set present in the grid can be completely rejected. The superiority of the proposed DLA-PLL is proved by the simulation and experiments by comparing it to the results obtained with the six kinds of conventional PLL methods widely used under distorted grid condition.