靑銅器時代 住居址의 復元的 考察

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 글은 우리나라 청동기시대 주거형태를 복원하기 위해 시도되었다. 이를 위해 북한지역을 대표할 수 있는 角形土器住居址와 남한지역을 대표할 수 있는 松菊里型住居址의 대표적인 유적에 대하여 檢討와 分析이 있었다.
角形土器住居址의 평면형태는 대부분 장방형을 이루고 있으며 주거지 내부에는 화덕이 설치되고 일부 주거지에서 원시적인 礎石이 사용되고 있다. 또한 단이나 턱을 두어 內部空間을 두칸으로 분리하는 公刊分割도 이루어지고 있었다.
松菊里型住居址는 특이한 형태의 평면을 가진 주거지로 주거지 내부 중앙부에 楕圓形의 作業孔이 공통적으로 설치되어 있었으며 平面形態도 靑銅器時代 初期의 일률적인 長方形에서 圓形이나 楕圓形의 평면을 가지고 있었다.
이와 같이 각형토기주거지와 송국리형주거지는 서로 다른 특성을 지니고 있었는데 각형토기주거지는 주거가 목적이었고 송국리형주거지는 주거보다는 작업을 위한 것임을 알 수 있었다. 또한 住居의 立地, 形態와 規模, 內部施設, 遺物의 出土位置로 본 空間分割 등을 考察하여 주거지가 갖는 복원적인 특성을 찾아 서울 岩寺洞, 靈岩 長川里, 昇州 고인돌공원 등 국내의 복원사례와 비교 검토하여 先史時代 住居形態를 復元하였다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze the characteristics of Bronze Age dwelling Sites, to facilitate their authentic reconstruction.
First, comparative studies about dwelling site top-shaped pottery in the north, and Songguk-ri(a small division of counties) type dwelling sites in the south were examined. For the inital phase of reconstruction work, further site like Sucktan-ri, Namkyong, Daepyong-ri, Huam-ri, Songguk-ri, Daeya-ri, Daekok-ri, Changchun-ri, Songam-dong were analyzed also in this paper.
Second, a scrutinized analysis of the type, size, and facilities of the examined dwellings was made, to find out what should be taken inti account for the reconstructions.
1. Dwelling Site Top-shaped Potteries(角形土器住居址) were mostly rectangular in shape. Circular and oval constructions gradually fell into disuse as rectangular designs came to dominate. The preference for rectangular design seems to be due to its efficient use of living space. Newly invented tools and advanced architectural skills also seem to have encouraged its widespread use. The length of the dwellings follow the ratio of 1 to 1.7; the area encompassed being roughly 30㎡. According to analysis, as dwelling become narrower, they become larger.
Songguk-ri type dwelling sites(松菊里型住居址) were dug mostly in circular forms, and partially in rough squares. Circular constructions were found in 56 out of 68 sites (82.4%). Square construction was, in contrast, found in 12 sites (17.6%). This fact indicates that circular design was predominant in Songguk-ri dwelling sites.
2. Analyses show that there are roughly three kinds of Top-shaped dwellings varying according to size ; Standard Dwellings (20-30㎡) housing one couple and two to three children, Expanded Dwellings (35-55㎡) often housing seven to eight family members including two couples, unmarried children, and babies, and special purpose dwellings (55㎡)
All Songguk-ri type dwelling sites but one (the Daeya-ri site), measure 20.3㎡ on average. Most of the 56 circular constructions measured roughly 21.2㎡ with little deviation from the average, at all sites surveyed. It is estimated that four to five members lived in each circular dwelling.
3. Dwelling Site Top-shaped potteries were equipped with a hearth, but Songguk-ri type dwelling sites had a oval hollow-the place in which stone implement were made-, instead of a hearth.
4. Top-shaped dwelling sites evidenced unprecedented building skills represented in the construction of the walls, use of foundation stones, and the division of space.
Third, by specifying the location of the hearth and other findings at the sites, the patterns of indoor life could be determined.
1. In the top-shaped pottery of dwelling sites, the location of the hearth and the entrance suggests that the space within the dwelling was zoned off into a work area, areas for cooking and other household activities and storage spaces for pottery vessels and farming implements. The different roles of men and woman in contributing to the family economy affected the use of space as well. There was another dramatic change in the use of space as well. There was another dramatic change in the use of space by differentiating the depth of ground and partitioning a room.
2. As a result of analyses of the oval-shaped hollows of Songguk-ri type dwellings, it became obvious that they were not living spaces, but individual or communal masonry workshops.
Fourth, dwelling types were classified for reconstruction purposes.
1. Dwelling Sites Top-shaped potteries were reconstructed into non-post-hole gable roofs:(無柱孔 맞배형) either 1 row center-post-holes hipped roofs,(中心柱孔 1列 우진각형) or 3 row center-post-holes gable roofs,(中心柱孔 3列 맞배형) depending on the arrangements of pillars.
2. Songguk-ri type dwellings were classified into Types A, B, and C; all of which were found only in Daeya-ri and Daekok-ri. It is inferred that Type B was developed in Daeya-ri and Type C in Daekok-ri. The shape of roof is conic, with low-circled gabled roofs.
Fifth, already reconstructed dwellings were analysed case by case, the results of the analysis providing the following guidelines for future reconstructions:
1. Places for reconstruction should be carefully chosen.
2. Facilities inside the dwelling should be kept intact.
3. The form of the village should be developed by integrating individual dwellings.
4. The depth, type, size, and facilities of the dwellings should be carefully examined so that the proper roof styles (gable styles,(맞배형) hipped styles,(우진각형) conic style,(圓錐形) low-circled gables,(下圓上 맞배형) etc.) can be chosen in accordance with the structure of the dwelling.
5. Academic research and studies into the dwelling sites should be continued.
Sixth, the dwellings were reconstructed, considering the characteristics and elements necessary for it.
1. Dwelling Sites Top-shaped potteries were restored with roof styles like non-post-hole gable roofs,(無柱孔 맞배형) 1 row center-post-holes hipped roofs,(中心柱孔 1列 우진각형) and 3 row center-post-holes gable roofs.(中心柱孔 3列 맞배형) These were subterranean dwellings characterized by thatched roofs and rafters.
2. A songguk-ri type dwellings were restored in the reconstruction of Daekok-ri No. 2. It was a lot different from that in the dolmen park of Changchun-ri, constructed in the model of a dugout house from Amsa-dong. At the entrance, and at the opposite side of the house, the gable styles are made by the arrangement of long rafters. On the sides without long rafters there were short rafters arranged in the upper parts. The arrangement of long and short rafters made two angle brackets-the unique characteristic of low-circled roof styles.(下圓上 맞배형)
This study does not constitute a comprehensive understanding of the reconstruction of a dwelling. But given the current situation of not having any guidelines, this paper begins the process of establishing standards for the reconstruction of future dwellings.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 表目次
• 圖面目次
• 寫眞目次
• 國文抄錄
• I. 序文 = 1
• 1.1. 硏究史I = 1
• 1.2. 硏究範圍와 目的 = 3
• II. 住居遺蹟I의 檢討 = 6
• 2.1. 角形土器 住居遺蹟 = 6
• 2.1.1. 石灘里遺蹟 = 6
• 2.1.2. 南京遺蹟 = 12
• 2.1.3. 大坪里遺蹟 = 18
• 2.1.4. 其他遺蹟 = 20
• 2.2. 松菊里型 住居遺蹟 = 25
• 2.2.1. 瑞山 休岩里遺蹟 = 25
• 2.2.2. 扶餘 松菊里遺蹟 = 26
• 2.2.3. 居昌 大也里遺蹟 = 28
• 2.2.4. 昇州 大谷里遺蹟 = 29
• 2.2.5. 靈岩 長川里遺蹟 = 32
• 2.2.6. 光州 松岩洞遺蹟 = 26
• 2.2.7. 其他遺蹟 = 33
• III. 住居의 分析 = 38
• 3.1. 住居의 立地 = 38
• 3.2. 竪穴의 形態와 規模 = 39
• 3.2.1. 角形土器住居址 = 39
• 3.2.2. 松菊里型住居址 = 43
• 3.3. 住居의 內部施設 = 45
• 3.3.1. 角形土器住居址 = 45
• 3.3.2. 松菊里型住居址 = 51
• 3.4. 화덕시설과 遺物 出土位置로 본 空間分割 = 55
• 3.4.1. 角形土器住居址 = 55
• 3.4.2. 松菊里型住居址 = 57
• IV. 復元에 따른 住居의 形式分類 = 59
• 4.1. 角形土器住居址 = 59
• 4.2. 松菊里型住居址 = 70
• V. 住居의 復元的 考察 = 92
• 5.1. 復元事例 = 92
• 5.1.1. 岩寺洞움집 = 92
• 5.1.2. 長川里움집 = 92
• 5.1.3. 고인돌공원 = 93
• 5.2. 復元方向 = 94
• 5.2.1. 事例分析 = 94
• 5.2.2. 앞으로의 復元方向 = 95
• 5.3. 住居의 復元 = 97
• 5.3.1. 角形土器住居址 = 97
• 5.3.2. 松菊里型住居址 復元 = 98
• VI. 結論 = 111
• 參考文獻 = 115
• ABSTRACT = 119